Sitima zankhondo za Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World: chithunzi. Sitima zankhondo la Soviet Union ndi Germany, World nkhondo II

Sitima zapamadzi zombo mbali ya apanyanja a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kale pa First World nkhondo. Development ntchito m'munda wa sitima zapamadzi anayamba kale chiyambi chake, koma pambuyo pa 1914 anali kuimaliza kukonza amafuna makhalidwe zombo kasamalidwe ntchito ya sitima zankhondo. The chikhalidwe chachikulu akhakwanisa ntchito, anali ku chozemba. Sitima zankhondo za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse mu dongosolo ndi mfundo za kanthu ankasiyana pang'ono kuchokera akapolo anzawo akale a zaka zam'mbuyo. Kusiyana structural nthawi inkakhala mu zaluso sayansi ndi ena anatulukira mu 20s ndipo 30s mayunitsi ndi aggregates, kuwongolera makhalidwe navigability ndi nyonga.

sitima zankhondo German nkhondo isanayambe

Terms of Pangano la Versailles sanalole Germany kumanga zosiyanasiyana zombo ndi kulenga zonse kunachitika asilikali. Mu nthawi chisanadze nkhondo, kunyalanyaza zoyikidwa ndi mayiko mu 1918 anagwirizana malire, German doko la zombo zapanyanja koma anapezerapo pa fifitini nyanja kalasi sitima zankhondo (U-25, U-26, U-37, U-64, etc.). kusamutsidwa awo padziko anali pafupifupi 700 matani. sitima zankhondo wocheperako (matani 500) kuchuluka kwa ndalama 24. (Amawerenga U-44) kuphatikiza 32 mayunitsi coasting-m'mphepete mwa nyanja osiyanasiyana anali ofanana ndi nakhala wosamalira kusamutsidwa mphamvu Krigsmarine. Onse a iwo anali zida uta zida ndi machubu oponya (kawirikawiri 4 uta ndi kumbuyo 2).

Choncho, mosasamala kanthu miyezo ambiri mtolo ndi 1939, onyamula German Navy inkakhala sitima zankhondo ano ndithu. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse yomweyo pambuyo penipeni wasonyeza mkulu efficacy a kalasi ya zida.

Kuyesa pa Britain

Britain anatenga nkhonya woyamba wa Hitler makina nkhondo. N'zodabwitsa asilikali a ufumuwo kwambiri wofunika kwambiri mupewe ngozi ya Nkhondo ya German ndipo cruisers. Mu chochitika cha nkhondo yapita zikuluzikulu, iwo ankaganiza kuti sitima zapamadzi Kuphunzira adzakhala anthu okhawo amene ndi ndi yopapatiza mzere m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi kudziwika awo sadzakhala kwambiri vuto.

Kunapezeka Komabe, German U-maboti ya nkhondo yachiwiri angakhale kwambiri oopsa chida kuposa zombo pamwamba. Kuyesa kukhazikitsa anatseka misewu panyanja wa kugombe la kumpoto analephera. Pa tsiku loyamba la chombo nkhondo "Athenia" iye anali torpedoed ndi kumira ndege chonyamulira "Koreydzhes" September 17, ndege imene British ankafuna ntchito ngati njira wogwira mtima wa ASW. Block kanthu "nkhandwe mapaketi" asilikali Lusifala akhoza sakwanitsa, achita molimba mtima kwambiri. October 14, 1939 sitima zapamadzi U-47 analowa madzi a m'munsi Royal Navy pa Scapa mumayenda, ndi pamalo pamwamba torpedoed inagona ankadikira "Royal Oak". Court anafa tsiku lililonse.

Lusifala lupanga ndi chishango Britain

Ndi 1940, dziko la Germany analoledwa kupita pansi pa zombo English ndi tonnage okwana tonnes oposa mamiliyoni awiri. Zinaoneka kuti Britain ndi ngoziyo mosalephera. Chidwi mbiri yakale mbiri kuwauza za udindo ankaimba sitima zankhondo za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Mufilimuyi "Nkhondo ya Atlantic" limafotokoza nkhani ya kulimbana pa za fleets misewu m'nyanja anapitiriza kupereka mayiko kumenyana. Limba "mimbulu" Lusifala kovuta, koma zovuta ntchito zinadzala zochita, ndipo amapezeka pa nthawi imeneyi. Zikayenda m'munda wa Rada adzakhala kudziwa zowoneka osati mwa aone ziro, ndi kutali, ndi sitima zankhondo German.

Wachiwiri World nkhondo anali apabe gawo ake pachimake, anali mu April 1941, koma kumizidwa ndi sitima zapamadzi U-110. Iye anali wopulumuka otsiriza a anthu amene Hitler anayamba kumenyana.

Kodi snorkel?

Kuyambira kumayambiliro kwambiri mwa sitima zankhondo okonza takambiranazi embodiments zosiyanasiyana za mphamvu kupereka amagetsi. Sitima zankhondo za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, nathawitsidwa ndi galimoto magetsi, ndi padziko - injini dizilo. The vuto lalikulu kulepheretsa kuteteza mobisa, anali kufunika zimaonekera nthawi kudzutsa mphamvu mabatire. Inali nthawi yokakamiza sitima zankhondo unmasking ali pangozi, iwo akhoza kudziwa ndege radars. Pofuna kuchepetsa chiopsezo ichi, anatulukira otchedwa snorkel. Ndi extendable chitoliro dongosolo kudzera amene m'chipinda dizilo akulowa mpweya mumlengalenga wofunikila kuyaka kwa mafuta ndipo amachotsa mipweya utsi.

Ntchito snorkel sitima zankhondo anathandiza kuchepetsa zomvetsa, koma Kuwonjezera anali radars ndi njira zina kudziwika, monga sonar.

Luso ndi sizikugwiridwa

Ngakhale ubwino zoonekeratu, zida ndi snorkel yekha German U-mabwato a nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Soviet Union ndi m'mayiko ena asiya izo zosasamaliridwa Kutulukira, ngakhale zinthu zinachitikira sankakhala anali. Akukhulupirira kuti poyamba shipbuilders Dutch ntchito snorkel, koma ife tikudziwa kuti mu zipangizo 1925 ofanana zinalengedwa ndi Chitaliyana injiniya asilikali Ferretti, koma kenako lingaliro ili linasiyidwa. Mu 1940, Netherlands anali nkhondo Nazi Germany, koma sitima zapamadzi ake zombo (4 mayunitsi) lisamuke UK. Pali, nawonso, sitidali kuzindikira zimenezi, ndithudi, chipangizo ankafuna. Snorkel ankaiphwasula, akuganiza choopsa kwambiri ndi zokayikitsa chipangizo zofunikira.

Other chosintha njira luso sitima zankhondo omanga sanagwiritse ntchito. Mabatire bwino zida chifukwa cha phindu iwo, bwino dongosolo mpweya kusinthika, koma mfundo akhala zikutsatiridwa sitima zapamadzi chipangizo.

Sitima zankhondo za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, Soviet Union

Photo ngwazi severomortsev Lunin, Marinesco, Starikov kusindikizidwa osati Soviet manyuzipepala, komanso akunja. Submariners anali ngwazi weniweni. Komanso, atsogoleri bwino kwambiri mwa sitima zankhondo Soviet anadzakhala adani lenileni la Adolf Hitler, ndi bwino kuzindikira iwo safunika.

A mbali yaikulu mu nkhondo panyanja kuti m'kati mwa nyanja kumpoto ndi Black Sea beseni ankaimba sitima zankhondo Soviet. Nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse itayamba mu 1939, ndipo mu 1941, boma la Germany anaukira USSR. Pa nthawi imeneyo, pa zombo sitima zapamadzi wathu armament inkakhala mitundu yambiri yakuti:

1. PL "Decembrists". Series (kupatula mutu mayunitsi ena awiri - "Narodovolets ndi" The Red ") anakhazikitsidwa mu 1931. Full kusamutsidwa - matani 980.
2. "L" zino - "Leninist." Choyesera 1936 chaka kusamutsidwa - matani 1400, sitima zida TAs sikisi mfuti torpedoes 12 ndi 20 migodi nyanja, mfuti awiri (m'mphuno - 100 mamilimita ndi forage - 45 mm).
3. "R-XIII» mndandanda ndi kusamutsidwa matani 1,200.
4. A mndandanda wa "ni" ( "Pike") ndi kusamutsidwa matani 580.
5. "C" angapo 780 m, zisanu ndi zida TA ndi mfuti awiri - 100 mamilimita ndi 45 mm.
6. "K" zino. Kusamutsidwa - 2200 T Kukhala mu 1938 godu sitima zapamadzi, osauka liwiro mfundo 22 (padziko udindo) ndi mfundo 10 (m'madzi malo.). Bwato nyanja kalasi. Six zida oponya (6 TA m'mphuno ndi chakudya 4).
7. "M" zino - "Baby". Kusamutsidwa - kuchokera mamita 200 mpaka 250 (malingana ndi kusinthidwa kwa). Ntchito mu 1932 ndi 1936, TA 2, kudziyimira pawokha - 2 masabata.

"Baby"

Sitima zankhondo "M" zino ndi ambiri yaying'ono U-maboti ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya Soviet Union. Mufilimuyi "The Soviet apanyanja. Chigonjetso Chronicle "limafotokoza nkhani ya njira ulemerero wa anthu oyendetsa ambiri kugwiritsa ntchito yapadera akuchitira makhalidwe a zombo zimenezi, pamodzi ndi kukula yaing'ono. Nthawi zina atsogoleri anakwanitsa mwakachetechete pafupi ndi bwino kutetezedwa m'munsi mdani ndi kuchoka ku chizunzo. "Baby" akhoza kusamutsidwa sitima ndi zimatengedwa mu Nyanja Black ndi Far East.

Pa ndime ndi ubwino mndandanda wa "M" anali, ndithudi, ndi kuipa, koma popanda palibe zida ndi kwathunthu ndi kudziyimira pawokha mwachidule, torpedoes awiri okha, pakalibe katundu, yochepetsetsa ndi zinthu chosasangalatsa utumiki kugwirizana ndi angapo a anthu ogwira ntchito. mavuto Iwo chinalepheretsa submariners amunamuna kupambana ndi chigonjetso chidwi pa mdani.

M'mayiko osiyanasiyana,

Chidwi ndalama imene sitima zankhondo za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse anali mu utumiki navies a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana nkhondo isanayambe. Monga la 1939, zombo yaikulu ya sitima zankhondo anali USSR (pa 200 ma PC.), Iye anakwanitsa ndi amphamvu Italy sitima zapamadzi zombo (kuposa masekeli a), malo wachitatu anali kulamulidwa ndi France (86 ma PC.), Lachinayi - UK (69), wachisanu - Japan (65) ndi chimodzi - Germany (57). Mu nthawi ya nkhondo zinasintha muyezo wa mphamvu, ndi mndandanda wa pafupifupi anafola kuti n'zosiyana (kupatula chiwerengero cha sitima zankhondo Soviet). Kuwonjezera adatchithisira m'madzi mu sitima athu m'gulu la Soviet Navy ndi sitima zapamadzi ndi inamangidwa England, amene anakhala gawo la zombo Baltic pambuyo inalowa la Estonia ( "Lembit", 1935).

nkhondo itatha,

Nkhondo anafa pansi, mu mlengalenga, pa madzi ndi pansi. Kwa zaka zambiri, Union "Pike" ndi "Baby" anapitiriza kuteteza dziko lawo, ndipo kenako ntchito kuphunzitsa cadets panyanja sukulu nkhondo. Ena a iwo akhala zipilala ndi zinthu zochititsa chidwi, anthu ena omwe anachita dzimbiri amatseguka pa manda sitima zankhondo.

Sitima zankhondo m'mbuyomu khumi nkhondo itatha, pafupifupi sanali nawo maudani amene nthawi zonse zikuchitika mu dziko. Panali kusamvana m'deralo, nthawi zina n'kukhala nkhondo yoopsa, koma sitima zankhondo sanali kumenyana ntchito. Iwo akukhala kwambiri mobisa, kusunthira mwakachetechete ndiponso mofulumira, chifukwa patsogolo analandira sayansi ya nyukiliya malire kudziyimira pawokha.