Zida kulankhulana, mbiri, mfundo

Kukula kwa anthu sizinachitikepo wogawana, panali nthawi stagnation ndipo anatulukira njira zamakono. Mofananamo, nkhani kusanduka ndi njira za kufala zambiri. Chidwi mfundo ndi kufufuza mu dera ili mwa ndondomeko mbiri m'nkhani ino. Amazipanga, chinthu popanda chimene anthu masiku ano ali lero linakhalapo, anthu pa chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri ndi zinkaoneka ngati zosatheka ndi wosangalatsa, ndipo nthawi zambiri zoona.

Kumayambiriro kwa

Kuyambira nthawi amakezana m'nthawi yathu anthu mwakhama ntchito phokoso ndi kuwala ngati njira zikuluzikulu za kufala kwa mudziwe, mbiri ya ntchito zawo ali Zakachikwi. Kuwonjezera zosiyanasiyana phokoso limene makolo athu akale achenjeza za kuopsa atsogoleri kapena anawaitanira kusaka, kuwala analinso ndi mwayi kubweretsa mauthenga ofunika pa mtunda wautali. Chifukwa chaichi, chizindikiro moto, miyuni, moto nthungo, mivi, ndi zipangizo zina. Mozungulira midzi outposts zomangidwa ndi moto mbendera kuopsa zizidagwidwe anthu modzidzimutsa. A zosiyanasiyana zomwe ayenera zapita, wopita ku ntchito ya mtundu wina wa malamulo ndiponso zinthu luso zomvetsera monga ng'oma, malikhweru, gongs, nyanga ndi nyama zina.

Ntchito malamulo m'nyanja ngati zinachitika wa wanthambo ndi

Special chitukuko 'kala' ikusonyeza inu kusuntha mwa madzi. Pamene munthu woyamba anapita ku nyanja, ankayatsa choyamba. Agiriki akale ndi ma ena a miyuni zinkapita mauthenga aziwerenga. Komanso m'nyanja ntchito zosiyanasiyana kuoneka chizindikiro mbendera. Motero, panali chinthu monga semaphore pamene ntchito makonzedwe apadera mbendera kapena nyali akhoza kupatsira mauthenga osiyanasiyana. Awa anali zoyesayesa oyamba Kulumikizana. Kenako, panali mivi. Ngakhale kuti mbiri ya chitukuko cha njira kufala mudziwe sali mu malo, ndi ku nthawi wosazindikira panali kusanduka zosaneneka, m'njira imeneyi kulankhulana m'mayiko ambiri ndi mbali ziti za m'moyo akadali sanataye kufunika kwake.

Njira yoyamba kusunga

Komabe, anthu ankada nkhawa osati njira ya HIV zambiri. Mbiri ya yosungirako ake komanso akubwerera ku chiyambi cha nthawi. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi zojambula phanga m'mapanga zosiyanasiyana wakale, chifukwa chifukwa iwo Tingaone pa mbali zina za moyo kalelo. Njira kasungidwe, kujambula ndi kusunga mfundo zayambika ndipo m'malo mwa zojambula m'mapanga anabwera zakale njanji - hieroglyphs, ndipo potsiriza kulemba. Tikhoza kunena kuti kuyambira akuyamba nkhani ya kulengedwa kwa njira zambiri kutengerapo padziko lonse.

Kutulukira kulemba anali woyamba mudziwe kusintha mbiri ya anthu, chifukwa mwayi kusonkhanitsa, kugawira ndi kufalitsa kudziwa kuti m'badwo wotsatira. Kulemba anapereka kutsogolera champhamvu pa chikhalidwe ndi chuma chitukuko cha chitukuko zimene katswiri pamaso ena. M'zaka za m'ma XVI, yosindikiza mabuku anatulukira, amene anali yoweyula latsopano la ulimi zambiri. Tsopano mukhoza kusunga zinthu mabuku lalikulu, ndipo wakhala mosavuta, kotero kuti maganizo "kulemba" wakhala chofala kwambiri. Izi ndi yofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya chitukuko anthu, chifukwa mabuku linakhala cholowa cha dziko limodzi lokha, komanso dziko lonse lapansi.

Lembani uthenga

Mail monga salankhulana kumatanthauza ntchito musanayambe kulemba Kutulukira. Nthumwizo poyamba zapita lipoti linalake. Komabe, mkubwela akanatha kulemba uthenga mu kulankhulana kotereku wakhala ngakhale anthu ambiri. Amtokoma Poyamba wapansi, kenako - kavalo. Mu chitukuko anayamba wakale wakhala okhazikika bwino utumiki positi pamaziko a kulandirana lapansi. The utumiki woyamba positi unachokera mu Egypt ndi Mesopotamia. Iwo makamaka kuigwiritsa ntchito pa nkhondo. Aigupto dongosolo positi anali mmodzi wa oyamba ndi zapamwamba, Aiguputo loyamba anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito nthandala nkhunda. M'tsogolo e-mail anayamba kufalitsa kwa mitundu ina.

Kukula kwa wanthambo ndi

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha pothandiza anthu kwambiri mwachibadwa akuyamba ndi wanthambo ndi. Chimake choyamba cabling, amene anatulukira ndipo Demokrit Kleoksen (nzeru Greek) anali wayaka, amene tamutchula pamwambapa. Komabe, iye sanali mukuyigwira, ndipo zoyesayesa za Kutulukira ingapezeke Kulumikizana anayamba akatswiri osiyanasiyana kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ma XVII.

Mu 1793 kupangidwa wanthambo kuwala, zomwe ndi mfundo wachibadidwe latsopano, zilibe ntchito pa maziko a kuunika. Komabe, anafunika njira yatsopano kusamutsa yambiri zambiri. Ndipo kokha chifukwa cha anapeza mafunde mu atomu anaonekera kwa mtundu uwu zolankhulirana, monga wanthambo magetsi. Patapita anatulukira ndi zipangizo electrostatic ndi electrochemical.

Mu atomu wanthambo oyimba mtundu anaonekera mu 1832 zikomo kuyesetsa Russian wasayansi PL Schilling ndi electromechanical anali okhala mu 1840 ndi Samuel Morse, amene anapanga wapadera telegraphic code. Mu 1939, B. S. Jacobi anatulukira kulemba woyamba, ndipo mu 1850 godu - teleprinter choyamba.

The foni chifukwa cha kuyesera zachilendo

Kenako maonekedwe a foni yanu monga njira yatsopano ya akupereka mauthenga. Nkhani ya kumayamba wake kuyambira mu 1837, pamene Charles Page, ndi wasayansi American, cholinga ndi "akuvutika waya" - pa zinachitika a tsogolo la foni. More pafupifupi buku analengedwa mu 1860 mphunzitsi sayansi ku Germany Philipp Reis. Koma chipangizo adakwanisa kupatsira phokoso munthu molakwika. Kunyumba Reis Kutulukira ndi kuyamikira, ndipo iye anapita States, kumene anamangidwa pa mlandu wa quackery, chifukwa Achimereka anali kukhulupirira kuti ndikosatheka mawu pa mawaya. Koma mlengi tsogolo la woyamba foni weniweni A. G. Bell, mphunzitsi wa pa sukulu ya anthu osamva, adapanga bwino ntchito Reis. Iye ankafuna kuti kulenga pa maziko ake ndi zida zikuimira inasanduka chizindikiro kuwala, kuphunzitsa ana osamva kulankhula. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, njira mwachisawawa kwathunthu, analenga ndi setifiketi ya foni February 14, 1876. Malinga ndi Bell yokha, iye anatha kulenga chipangizo chotero basi chifukwa sanadziwe malamulo a ukachenjede magetsi. "Pafoniyo Bella" - ndi zinachitika chipangizo bwino kwa ife - analengedwa mu 1878.

Creation wa wailesi monga njira kufala zambiri. History of zapansi kulankhulana opanda zingwe

American Maloni Loomis anayambitsa zinachitika loyamba ulalo mafoni 1868, m'litali 22 Km. Kuti iye ankaona kuti n'zotheka kukhazikitsa ndi mayiko opanda zingwe weniweni, anapereka kuti anthu adzatha kuphunzira mmene ntchito magetsi mumlengalenga. Loomis anati airwaves, kukhalapo limene lidatsirizika Genrihom Gertsem patapita zaka 19.

Loomis malingaliro anali muyika mumachitidwe A. S. Popovym, amene anayambitsa wailesi yoyamba, maganizo maphunziro Petersburg University April 25, 1895 (Old kalendala 7 May). A May 24, 1896 panali kulanda koyamba uthenga wailesi lemba la dziko lomwe lili ndi mawu awiri "Genrih Gerts". Zinali msonkho kwa Popov ndi chachikulu kutsegula kwa wasayansi German. Mwa njira, lingaliro la ntchito mauthenga opanda zingwe sitima zikugwira ntchito popereka mauthenga ndi mavuto adafotokoza kuti Popov.

The cha m'ma XIX anali wachitatu lalikulu funde la ulimi zambiri, chifukwa anakhala n'zotheka kusamutsa deta pa mtunda uliwonse kudzera wanthambo, telefoni ndi wailesi.

TV ndi Kanema

May 9, 1911 Russian wasayansi B. L. Rozing kwa nthawi yoyamba anasonyeza chithunzi anthu a kanjedza yosavuta malo kuperekedwa pa zenera CRT. American Charlz Dzhekins mu 1923 ikuchitika kulanda fano ikuyenda. Koma awa anali ndi TV makina. Komatu mu 1928 ndi woyamba I. F. Belyansky ndi B. P. Grabovsky anali yogwedeza chithunzi kufala zinachitikira kudzera pa cathode ray chubu, amene ankaona chiyambi cha TV makono. Kutulukira iconoscope mu 1931 anali yojambula kukwaniritsa akuthwa fano. Popeza 1934, German siteshoni TV DRF anali woyamba mu mbiri wailesi zonse TV amagetsi. Kuyambira 1936 mkulu-tanthauzo TV anaonekera mu UK, ndipo mu 1938 nthawi zonse TV wailesi inayamba mu Soviet Union.

Kuyambira cha m'ma makumi awiri mbiri m'ma yosungirako kumatanthauza HIV ndi processing wa nkhani analandira wozungulira latsopano la chimphona lapansi. Ganizo Kanema unayambitsidwa mu 1945 ndi England Arturom Klarkom, ndi kale October 4, 1957 ku Soviet Union ndi thandizo la chonyamulira roketi anapezerapo woyamba yokumba Earth Kanema. Kuyambira nthawi yomwe inayamba danga zaka chitukuko cha dziko. Sputnik anali woyamba dziko chinthu ndi mfundo zomwe zinatengedwa pa Dziko Lapansi. Ilili choyamba chinali chabe pa mita theka awiri ndi kulemedwa makilogalamu 83 okha. M'tsogolo, dongosolo Kanema muli chitukuko chachikulu, ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zochita za anthu: TV kulandirana, wailesi navigation ndi ena.

Mbiri posachedwapa deta kufala kudzera

Paging, aya ma, CHIKWANGWANI-chamawonedwe kulankhulana mizere - masitepe onse kwa chilengedwe cha lonse aya maukonde. Kupanga kompyuta anali wofunika kwambiri koma chinthu wapakatikati. Kuti kachitidwe microprocessor ofotokoza zasinthiratu njira akupereka mauthenga. kulankhulana Intaneti wapanga kusintha, chifukwa mfundo zake wakhala mfundo kulikonse masiku ano. Network anagonjetsa dziko ndi kukhala mbali ya mitundu yake yonse: ndale, maphunziro, zaluso ndi mafakitale. Kuchuluka kwa chirengedwe anali anangotengeka chifukwa maukonde yomweyo zikugwirizana anthu mizati ina ya dzikoli mu nkhani masekondi. Iyi ndi sitepe chimphona cha chitukuko cha njira za kufala kwa deta.