Sodium hydroxide: chilinganizo, katundu, Mapulogalamu

Mmodzi zofunika mankhwala apanga zipani zikuluzikulu chaka soda ndi sodium wochuluka hydroxide. zotchuka chotere unayenereradi chifukwa katundu wawo. Caustic koloko, amene chilinganizo - NaOH, n'kofunika kwambiri malonda anthu. Taganizirani chinthu kwambiri.

History of nthumwi anapeza

Kutchula koyamba za pawiri pa katundu izo akufanana hydroxide sodium, kuonekera ngakhale kalelo. Ngakhale Baibulo lili ndi nkhani neter mankhwala yotengedwa nyanja Aigupto. Moti uyu anali koloko caustic.

Aristotle, Plato ndi zina zakale Greek ndi Roman Anzeru ndi asayansi umatchedwanso nitrum mankhwala amene yotengedwa malo achilengedwe ndipo anagulitsidwa mu mawonekedwe a ndalama yaikulu ya mosiyana akuda (wakuda, imvi, woyera). Ndipotu njira ya mankhwala analibe kanthu, kotero kugwirizana osiyana malasha, kuipitsa izo, sikunali kotheka.

Mu 385 BC, lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito sopo kupanga. Dongosololi zochokera hydroxide ndi sodium ankagwiritsa ntchito. Ndondomeko sinali amadziwika zedi, koma si kuwawa kuchotsa izo kuchokera phulusa la zomera za mtundu Salsola, ku nyanja ndi ntchito kukonza katundu wa m'nyumba, zovala, kupanga sopo zosiyanasiyana.

Pang'ono kenako Arab anaphunzira kuwonjezera mankhwala mafuta zofunika zonunkhira. Ndiye sopo anali wabwino ndiponso wosangalatsa kununkhiza. Anayamba yogwira chitukuko cha njira sopo kupanga njira zamakono.

Mpaka m'zaka XVII, caustic koloko, amene katundu ntchito zonse, monga pawiri mankhwala anakhalabe unstudied. Ake pamodzi ndi zinthu monga sodium, hydroxide , carbonate potassium ndi sodium. Onse a iwo anali kutchedwa alkalis caustic.

Kenako wasayansi Duhamel du Monceau akhoza kutsimikizira kusiyana pakati pa zinthu izi ndi kuwagawa soda ndi mchere. Popeza koloko caustic ndipo zinali zoona wake ndi zonse lero dzinalo.

maudindo ofanana

Tikumbukenso kuti dzina la mankhwala si yemweyo ali ofanana matanthauzo angapo. Onse angathe kukonzedwa 6 kusankha zinthu:

• hydroxide ndi sodium;
• hydroxide ndi sodium;
• caustic koloko;
• ndi sodium soda;
• caustics;
• caustic soda.

Caustic koloko , pawiri iyi akutchedwa ofanana ndi mafakitale. Mu syntheses mankhwala olondola kunena ndi sodium sopo kapena caustic koloko. Ndondomeko akanali yemweyo. Dzina kwambiri wamba - caustics. The bwino mawu a mwadongosolo nomenclature dzina zinthu ndi sodium wochuluka hydroxide.

Mankhwala chilinganizo ndi dongosolo maselo

Ngati chinthu imatengedwa pamaso zimapangidwira, izo zigwirizana ayoni ziwiri: ndi sodium cation (Na ⁺⁾ ndipo hydroxide anion (o ^-). Polumikizana mzake chifukwa electrostatic particles kukopa raznozaryazhennyh, ayoni izi kupanga hydroxide ndi sodium. Wazotsatira chilinganizo cha mawonekedwe ndi NaOH.

Gidroksogrupp anapanga covalent chomangira kumalo ozizira pakati mpweya ndi wa hydrogen, chomwe umachitika ndi sodium wochuluka amaayoni muzikondana. Yankho soda kwathunthu dissociated mu ayoni, pokhala electrolyte amphamvu.

njira Laboratory yopangira

Industrial ndi zasayansi njira yokonza koloko caustic kwambiri alipo. Nthawi zambiri zedi ang'ono ndi akamagwira njira mankhwala ndi electrochemical mu mayunitsi kakang'ono kuposa mu maofesi mafakitale. A tani thunthu umatulutsa njira chimodzimodzi madera yaikulu maselo.

Pali njira zingapo zofunika kuti kaphatikizidwe wa caustic zasayansi.

1. Ferritic njira. Amakhala mbali ziwiri zikuluzikulu: a sintering choyamba pansi carbonate mkulu kutentha soda ndi chitsulo okusayidi (III). Ici ulikubala ndi sodium ferrite (NaFeO _2). Pa gawo chachiwiri, poyera kuti madzi ndi linawola kupanga hydroxide ndi sodium ndi madzi wothira zachitsulo (Fe ₂ O ₃ * H ₂ Inu). Chifukwa caustic koloko njira ndi chamunthuyo kuti ku makhiristo kapena flakes woyera. chiyero ake anali za 92%.
2. Laimu njira. Anachita ndi zimene zimachitika pakati pa carbonate soda ndi hydroxide kashiamu (slaked laimu) kupanga kashiamu carbonate ndi caustic. Zimene ikuchitika pa ^kutentha 80 C. Popeza chifukwa precipitates mchere, izo ndi wosiyana mosavuta. Yankho otsala anali chamunthuyo kupereka soda ndi sodium.
3. The zakulera ndi njira yopangira Kakhungu. Kutengera pa ntchito unit electrolyzer. Kunatumikira njira ya wamba mchere (NaCL), amene electrolyzed kupanga ufulu wa chlorine gaseous ndi caustic koloko ya mankhwala ankafuna. Kusiyana njira zimenezi ndi wakuti pamene ndondomeko zakulera waukulu structural mbali ya chipangizo ndi zakulera a asibesitosi (cathode). Pamene zakulera njira cathode ndi anode danga lagawidwa ndi Kakhungu wapadera.

Choncho anakonza mu zasayansi ndi sodium wochuluka hydroxide, kusankha njira yabwino kwambiri ndege zakuthupi. Iye ali, monga ulamuliro, wochepa mphamvu-kwambiri.

Kaphatikizidwe makampani

Kodi chinthu choterocho mu makampani, monga hydroxide ndi sodium? Madzi ndi olimba caustic koloko amapangidwa makamaka mwa njira electrochemical. Bukuli lili electrolysis ya njira ya masoka mchere halite, ambiri mwa aumbike ndi sodium kolorayidi.

Mbali yaikulu ya kaphatikizidwe izi kuti ndi-mankhwala ndi hydroxide ndi sodium ndi gaseous chlorine ndi wa hydrogen. Dongosololi ikuchitika iliyonse mwa njira zitatu:

• zakulera kwa electrolysis olimba cathode;
• kumwanso Mercury cathode;
• Kakhungu ndi cathode olimba.

Ambiri koloko caustic opangidwa ku dziko amapangidwa ndi njira likadali ndi Kakhungu lapansi. The soda chifukwa losiyana mlingo mokwanira mkulu wa chiyero.

ofunsira

Pali m'mafakitale ambiri amene ndi sodium hydroxide enieni. ntchito zachokera katundu mankhwala ndi thupi, kupanga pawiri chofunika mu syntheses ambiri ndi njira.

Pali malo zikuluzikulu komwe ndi sodium hydroxide - chinthu kuvomerezedwa.

1. Chemical kupanga (kaphatikizidwe esters, sopo, mafuta, kupanga ulusi, zotayidwa etching, kutulutsa katundu woyengeka, ngati chothandizira mu njira zambiri, chinthu zoyambirira n'chongoletsa wa zidulo ndi oxides kake; ndi umagwirira mawunikidwe ntchito titration ya; amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupeza zitsulo wangwiro, salt zambiri zapansi ena ndi mankhwala organic).
2. Mu kupanga pepala, zochizira nkhuni zamkati (nkhuni mankhwala kutaya lignin).
3. Ntchito anthu zachuma ndi yofunika caustic koloko. Ntchito detergents ambiri ndi mankhwala oyeretsera m'nyumba zochokera n'kofunika kwambiri. Sopo, shampu kulandira - zonsezi si popanda caustic.
4. Chofunika kwa kaphatikizidwe wa biofuels.
5. Ntchito pa mtundu wonsewo kwa decontamination ndi neutralization wa poizoni, mmene thupi.
6. Kupanga mankhwala ozunguza bongo.
7. adzasowa chakudya - Confectionery, chocolate, koko, ayisikilimu, maswiti, mitundu, maolivi, pastry ophika buledi mankhwala.
8. Mu cosmetology kochotsa mabungwe akunja (timadontho-timadontho, papilloma njerewere).
9. Ntchito pa mowa ndi fodya mphero.
10. Makampani nsalu.
11. Galasi: mtundu, wabwinobwino, ndi zina kuwala.

Nzowonekeratu kuti hydroxide ndi sodium - chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndi zothandiza zochita za anthu. Si kwachabe, ndi apanga mu matani pachaka dziko - miliyoni 57 kapena kuposa.

thupi katundu

White powdery zoona, nthawi zina colorless. Izo zikhoza kukhala mu mawonekedwe a crystalline ufa wosalala kapena mu mawonekedwe a flakes. Nthawi zambiri mu mawonekedwe a mibulu yaikulu. Mfundo limatsogolera ndi otsika kwambiri - 65,1 ^C. mofulumira kwambiri zimatenga chinyezi ndipo hydrated mawonekedwe 3,5N NaOH · ₂ O. Pankhaniyi, limatsogolera kutentha akadali zochepa, yekha 15,5 ^C. Pafupifupi malire sungunuka alcohols, madzi . Mwa kukhudza ngati olimba sopo ndi madzi.

oopsa kwambiri mu mawonekedwe kuikapo maganizo ndi kuchepetsedwa. Angathe kuwononga zonse diso kwa mitsempha chamawonedwe. Diso kukhudzana kungachititse khungu. Choncho, ntchito ndi pawiri yoopsa kwambiri ndipo amafuna zipangizo zodzitetezera.

katundu mankhwala

Caustic koloko katundu zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho chimodzimodzi monga soda onse: ali anachitira ndi asidi ndi, oxides asidi, oxides amphoteric ndi hydroxides, salt. Wa Nonmetallic amachitira ndi sulfure phosphorous, ndi halogens. Komanso amatha yatikhudza ndi zitsulo.

Mu umagwirira organic, hydroxide ndi sodium amachitira ndi amides, esters, alkanes halogenated.

zinthu yosungirako

Kusungiramo koloko caustic ikuchitika pansi zinthu zina. Ichi ndi chifukwa zotakasika kwambiri, makamaka pamene chinyezi. zinthu zazikulu ndi zotsatirazi.

1. Kusunga kuchokera zipangizo magetsi.
2. Hermetically otsekedwa ndi osindikizidwa ma CD si angathe kupatsira chinyezi.
3. Youma crystalline caustics kusungidwa mu matumba a zikuchokera wapadera (wandiweyani polyethylene), madzi - mu mabotolo mdima galasi ndi sankafuna pansi galasi. Ngati chiwerengero ndi waukulu ndi pamafunika kayendedwe, ndi sodium wochuluka hydroxide njira anaikidwa mu muli wapadera ndi zitini zitsulo.

mankhwala akhoza kusamutsidwa ndi njira iliyonse yodziwika zoletsedwa ndi malamulo chitetezo, kuchotsa mayendedwe ndi mpweya.

Phula ndi sodium sopo

Kuwonjezera Krustalo, pali amadzimadzi njira ya koloko caustic. Ndi chilinganizo mofanana olimba. Mankhwala njira zothandiza kwambiri ndi yabwino ntchito. Choncho, ngati caustics mawonekedwe ntchito nthawi zambiri.

A njira ya hydroxide ndi sodium amene chilinganizo - NaOH, ntchito zonse za m'madera amenewa. Kungakhale kovuta lokha pa kayendedwe, zoyendera bwino kuti ziume caustic. Pakuti zina zonse zilibe patukani timibulu, ndi ena ndi kuposa.