Sophistry - wapadera nthanthi sukulu ya amakedzana

Njira nzeru zaumunthu ganizo mu Nthawi zonse anayamba mfundo zofanana: m'malo iliyonse zitsanzo chilengedwe kubwera ziphunzitso kuti adzauka zikuchepa ndi metaphysics onse ndi amatchula zofooka za chikumbumtima ndipo cognition. Descartes ndi Leibniz anabwera Immanuel Kant, kwa materialists za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, ndipo Hegel - positivists. Mu Greece wakale, chopunthira cha sayansi zonse, ndi nzeru makamaka, zikatero kukhala okhazikika. Pasukulu ina kutsutsa ndi kutsutsa ena, ndipo mosemphanitsa. Komabe, panali anthu amene apereka njira pachiyambi mikangano yonse, ngati sukulu onse ganizo ziphunzitso za akutsutsana, ndiyeno mwinamwake zawo zonse "mfundo" ndi "mfundo" chabe "maganizo"? Ndipotu, kwenikweni, palibe amene anamuonapo kapena Yehova, kapena Mulungu, Mlengi, kapena amalire kapena wopandamalire wokhalapo. Sophistry - ndi chimodzimodzi "mapiritsi" ndi osatha nkhondo aumunthu.

ndi sophists ndi ndani?

Oimira odziwika bwino sukuluyi anali Protagoras, Antiphon, Hippias, Gorgias, Prodicus, Likofron. Sophistry - dongosolo zokhudzana ndi chiphunzitso cha khalidwe labwino, nzeru, oratory ndizosowa kasamalidwe. Kuyambira kanjedza masiku ano kwambiri kuti pali Deyl Karnegi. Zosowa zakale sophistry dongosolo loyamba, amene anali kuimiriridwa ndi otchedwa "kudziwa-ogulitsa" amene anatenga mtundu nzeru za ubale pakati pa ophunzira ndi kuphunzira - kulankhulana mwagwirizana ndi mankhwala ofanana.

Kodi akuluakulu a sukuluyi wa ganizo?

The Sophists anaphunzitsa kutsimikizira anthu kuganiza pa okha ndi n'zogwirizana ndi zikamera wa demokalase m'mizinda yambiri Greek. Iwo ankalengeza mfundo yofunika ya kusasiyana pakati pa anthu, ndaika patsogolo chiphunzitso ndi mfundo, zomwe pamapeto pake maziko yomanga ubale ano m'munda wa chilamulo ndi BOMA. Sophistry - ndi maziko a maganizo, philology sayansi, logic, mfundo za chiyambi cha zipembedzo.

Kodi mawu akuti "wosokoneza"?

Sophistry - sukulu ya ganizo kuti wakafika ku Girisi. Chiphunzitso chimenechi linakhazikitsidwa ndi asayansi ku polis Greek wa Athens za theka lachiwiri la zana lachisanu BC. Mawu akuti "wosokoneza" latembenuzidwa kuchokera Greek momwe "tchire." Chotero anaitana aphunzitsi akatswiri kuphunzitsa anthu luso la oratory. Mwatsoka, zolemba za makolo woyamba pafupifupi linasiiratu, lero pafupifupi chilichonse anabwera. Komabe, pogwiritsa ntchito deta mozungulira anakhazikitsa kuti Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira izi akatswiri sanayese kuti akonze dongosolo logwirizana la maphunziro ndi nzeru. Iwo sanali ngofunika aliyense kuti dongosolo maphunziro. Cholinga cha Sophists anali mmodzi - kuphunzitsa ophunzira kutsutsana ndi kutsegula zokambirana. Choncho ankaona kuti kudziŵa tingachipeze powerenga nthanthi - chiphunzitso umalimbana apamwamba.

"Senior" sophists

Yachokera pa ndondomeko ya mbiri yakale, tikhoza kulankhula za kukhalako kwa mumaganiza awiri - ndi "mkulu" ndi "junior" katswiri wa sophism lapansi. "Senior" (Gorgias, Protagoras, Antiphon) Sophists anali ofufuza kaonedwe ka chikhalidwe, ndale, malamulo ndi boma. Imadalira wa Protagoras, amene amanena kuti "munthu - muyeso wa zinthu" anabweretsa kukana izi sukulu ya choonadi maonekedwe cholinga. Malinga ndi mfundo "mkulu" wa Sophists, nkhani - zimasintha ndi madzimadzi, ndi chifukwa chotero, kuti maganizo likamadzakonzedwa ndi kusintha nthawi zonse. Tidziwanso kuti chofunikira chenicheni cha zinthu zobisika nkhani yokha mwachikulu azipereka zimenezo n'zosatheka Choncho, kulankhula za izo zikhoza kukhala chirichonse chimene inu mukufuna. Zosowa zakale sophistry "mkulu" kotheratu zotengera malingaliridwe ndi posits ndi relativity ya chidziwitso ndi ukatswiri. Onse Olemba kukuchititsa zimenezi unkagwiritsidwa kuganiza kuti kuli yokha kulibe, chifukwa ndi chidziwitso cha izo sizingakhoze mwachikulu kugawana ndi ena.

"Wamng'ono" sophists

The "junior" mamembala a sukulu imeneyi wamaganizo, monga Krete, Alkidama, Likofron, Polemon, Hippodamus ndi Frazimaha, sophistry - ndi "juggling" Ziganizo ndi mawu, ntchito zidule onyenga amene adzakhala onse bodza ndi choonadi. Mu Greek, liwu loti "sophistry" amatanthauza "kuchenjera", umene umaonekera zinthu zimene otsatira a chiphunzitso ichi monga kugwiritsa ntchito zidule wapakamwa kuti ndi abodza. mfundo chofala zochokera kuphwanya mfundo.

Mfundo methodological wa sophistry

sophistry mawu a ntchito yake ndi chiyani? A njira wotchuka ndi "quadrupling" kotsutsana ndi mfundo za syllogism kuti ayenera psiti kuposa mawu atatu. N'chifukwa chake amalenga kukangana wonyenga, amene amagwiritsa sanali adzadziwire mfundo zikuoneka ofanana. Mwachitsanzo: "Wakuba safuna kugula chilichonse zosafunika. Kupeza zinthu zabwino - ndi ntchito zabwino. Choncho, wakubayo ofunitsitsa kuchita ntchito yabwino. " Komanso njira otchuka - ndi gulu akuti pafupifupi pamene mawu syllogistic kumasulira akusokoneza yogawa ndi buku. Mwachitsanzo: oimira - anthu, anthu ena kuimba zeze, oimira onse kuimba zeze.