Mapangidwe - ndi chiyani ichi?

Mapangidwe - filosofe, kutanthauza ndondomeko chikusuntha kusintha chilichonse. Izi zikhoza kukhala chiyambi ndi chitukuko, ndi zina - ndi kutha kwa mgwirizano. Kuyenera gawo okhazikika otsutsa.

Mawu nzeru za anthu, malingana siteji ya chitukuko, kapena masukulu ndi mayendedwe, akhale zoipa, kamvekedwe positive. Amaona gawo la nkhani ndi Siyanitsani mtendere, polojekiti ndi wosasinthika Wamphamvuyonse. M'nkhani ino tidzayesetsa kufufuza mbali zosiyanasiyana za mfundo imeneyi.

Kuyambira chiyambi

Mapangidwe - mawu amene ku Europe poyamba anaonekera mu nzeru wakale. Izo zimatanthauza ndondomeko ya kusintha komanso mapangidwe.

nzeru ena Natural chimatanthauza kuphunzira mapangidwe zinthu, zikamera awo, chitukuko ndi chiwonongeko. Choncho iwo anafotokoza zina limodzi mfundo yoyamba, yomwe zimasiyanasiyana ndi ndiwo zosiyanasiyana za kukhalako.

Heraclitus woyamba ankatsutsa mapangidwe dziko la umunthu, lomwe ndi wosatha "kukhala" loyenda ( "Panta rei") ndipo akhala wosakhazikika - Logos (mfundo inviolable, chilamulo ndi osachepera). Yotsirizira amasonyeza mfundo mapangidwe ndi kukhulupirira malire ake. Ngati Parmenides ankakhulupirira kuti mapangidwe sungunuka chiripo, ndiye Heraclitus zinali zosiyana.

Plato, Aristotle ndi otsatira awo

Plato mu chitukuko zonse ndi kusintha zinthu zakuthupi. Mfundo - wosatha, ndi akulimbana za chitukuko cha zochitika. Ngakhale kuti Aristotle anali mdani wa Plato ndi ambiri a malingaliro a otsiriza, iyenso ntchito lingaliro ili mu nkhani mphasa.

Mapangidwe ndi chitukuko akukumana zinthu, pozindikira zomwenso ake, mtundu matupi ndi kutembenukira mwayi linanena. Wapamwamba m'njira Aristotle otchedwa entelechy, kutanthauza kuti mtundu uwu wa mphamvu.

Munthu, lamulo la mapangidwe moyo wake, amene yokha akufotokozera ndi amene amalamulira thupi. The adayambitsa sukulu Neo-Plato - Plotinus, Proclus ndi ena - anaona kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo dziko kuti ali ndi moyo ndi malingaliro. Iwo anamutcha iye Universal Soul, ndipo takhulupirira gwero la gulu lonse.

Asitoiki otchedwa mphamvu ndi zimene chilengedwe evolves, pneuma. Chimaonekera chilichonse chimene chiliko.

Ages Middle

nzeru Mkhristu, kwambiri, analinso ndi mfundo imeneyi. Koma mapangidwe - ndiyo mfundo za scholastics akale, chitukuko, cholinga malire ndi gwero umene uli Mulungu. Foma Akvinsky anayamba lingaliro ili mchiphunzitso cha kanthu ndi potency.

Pali zifukwa mkati uyambike lapansi. Iwo anakwanitsa kuchitapo kanthu. Mapangidwe - umodzi potency ndi sikumatha. Mu mochedwa Ages Middle anali "yapamwamba" Aristotelian ndi Neo-Plato kutanthauzira. Iwo ntchito Mwachitsanzo, mu Nikolaya Kuzanskogo ndi Giordano Bruno.

Nzeru ya Age Chatsopano

Mapangidwe sayansi m'njira zamakono mawu ndi njira zake m'nyengo ya Galileo, Newton ndi Bacon penapake logwedezeka ndi chidaliro chakuti zonse akutero. Classic zatsopano ndi mfundo za Determinism kwachititsa kuti chilengedwe cha chitsanzo makina a chilengedwe cha. Maganizo oti dziko nthawi zonse losandulizika, anasintha ndi kusinthidwa, akhala wotchuka anzeru German.

Ngakhale awo France ndi Britain Anzawo chilengedwe longoganizira chinachake ngati clockwork yaikulu, Leibniz, woweta, Schelling anaziwona izo kukhala. Zimenezi chikhalidwe cha atakomoka kwa zomveka. Malire a mapangidwe ichi chimafika wamphamvu, choncho mzimu siyana wamphamvu.

afilosofi kwambiri yovuta nyengo ndi funso la ubale wa kukhala ndi kuganiza. Ndipotu, kotero izo zinali zotheka kuyankha funso ngati alipo mu chikhalidwe cha malamulo kapena ayi. Kant ankakhulupirira kuti ife tokha wabweretsa ganizo la mapangidwe tadziŵa, popeza yokha okha zimamvekera wathu.

maganizo otsutsana ndi Choncho, pali kusiyana, amene sakhoza kugonjetsa pakati pa kukhala ndi maganizo. Ifenso amalephera kumvetsa mmene zinthu zili ndi monga iwo anatero.

Hegel

Pakuti nzeru izi powerenga German magawo mapangidwe lifanane ndi malamulo maganizo, kwambiri chitukuko - gulu la mzimu, malingaliro, ndi awo "analamula". Hegel imalongosola izi dialectic mawu a moyo ndi "kanthu". zotsutsana awiri awa akhoza kuyenda mu zikomo wina kukhazikitsidwa.

Koma mgwirizanowu ndi osakhazikika kapena, monga nzeru zapamwamba anati, "wosakhazikika." Pamene ena chinthu "akukhala" iye yekha wokhumba kukhala, ndipo kulibe lingaliro limeneli. Koma popeza ndondomekoyi kale anayamba, ndiye mtundu wa ndiye.

Choncho, mapangidwe, ku maganizo a Hegel akuimira osadziletsa kuyenda. Ndi choonadi chachikulu. Ndithudi, popanda kukhala ndi "palibe" alibe kulunjika ndipo zikuimira akusowekapo wopanda kudzazidwa abstraction. Onse woganiza ichi, anafotokoza m'buku lake "Science wa Zomveka". Kumeneko Hegel anapanga mapangidwe siyana dialectical.

Ikuyendera, kapena sakudziwika

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi nzeru zambiri - Marxism, positivism, ndi zina zotero, n'kudziwa anazindikira ponena za "chitukuko". owayimilira ankanena kuti ndi ndondomeko imene kusintha kwa usinkhu kuti latsopano, kwa m'munsi apamwamba, kuchokera ku zocholoŵana. Mapangidwe zinthu osiyana dongosolo, motero, mwachibadwa.

Komano, ofufuza za maganizo amenewa, monga Nietzsche ndi Schopenhauer ankanena kuti mbali ya lingaliro la chitukuko ndiye ndi chikhalidwe ndi dziko malamulo ndi zolinga kuti kulibeko. Mapangidwe ikuchitika pa mwini wake, osakhala linearly. Iwo ulibe malamulo. Ife sitikudziwa zimene zingachititse.

kusanduka

Chiphunzitso cha chitukuko ndi patsogolo monga mapangidwe mwadala wakhala wotchuka kwambiri. Iye walandira thandizo kwa mfundo kusanduka. Mwachitsanzo, olemba mbiri ndi asayansi chikhalidwe anayamba kuganizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma monga ndondomeko ya ku mapangidwe ndi mapangidwe dongosolo latsopano chikhalidwe, kusintha kwa mtundu kulowa usilikali ziwawa ndale kulenga zida.

Magawo lotsatira chitukuko ichi kwenikweni chinali kulekanitsa kwa ziwalo makonzedwe kwa anthu onse ndipo kenako kugawa ndi m'malo a mafuko dera lawo, komanso zikamera wa mabungwe a ulamuliro onse. Kukhala munthu m'dziko lino ntchito amaonedwa kuti zikamera a mitundu yatsopano ndi kusanduka.

nzeru zamakono ndi munthu

M'nyengo yathu, mfundo mapangidwe nthawi zambiri ntchito mu njira ya. Ndi otchuka m'nkhani njira sociocultural. Mawu a nzeru zamakono za "kukhala m'dziko", tikhoza kunena, n'chimodzimodzi ndi chitukuko. Zimenezi, imbaenda chitukuko, imapangitsa inasinthiratu, ndi mphamvu zawo. Mapangidwe khalidwe lonse. Limafotokoza osati chikhalidwe komanso anthu.

Kukhala anthu mmene limeneli umakhudza mapangidwe munthu monga wapadera maganizo mwauzimu ndiponso wanzeru chikhalidwe. Zamoyo zinachita kusintha siyikuperekedwa mafunso amenewa ndi mayankho osavuta, ndipo iwo ndi phunziro la ndi kafukufuku. Ndipotu, ngati ife tingakhoze kufotokoza citukuko ca kwachilengedwenso chikhalidwe cha munthu, ndondomeko kupanga malingaliro ake kutsatira, ndipo makamaka kubweretsa ena nthawi zonse, n'kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha Iye.

Amene ankaimba udindo lalikulu amene timakhala? Labor, ndi chinenero, monga ine ndinaganiza Chichewa? Games ngati Huizinga munakhulupirira? Taboo ndi miyambo monga Freud ankakhulupirira? Luso kulankhula ndi kupereka zithunzi za anthu otchulidwa? Culture, imene encrypted mphamvu dongosolo? Ndipo, mwina, zinthu zonse izi zinachititsa chakuti antroposotsiogenez, yomwe inatenga zaka opitirira mamiliyoni atatu, analenga mwamuna masiku ano zachilengedwe chikhalidwe.