Modern Western Philosophy

Modern nzeru Western angapo mbali, akamanena za omwe ungadziwike poyerekezera ndi magawo mzake wa chitukuko. Mu nzeru chakale, ngati ziri zodziwika bwino, chamene wakhala kumvetsa za chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe ndi kutembenuka mtima kwawo wololera. Ambiri mwa otsatira chakale azimuth anavomereza lingaliro la kupeza chidziwitso, mu maganizo awo, ndi kukwaniritsa choonadi, aliyense.

Anzeru omwe kugwira chakale malangizo, ndinaganiza kuti kumvetsa malamulo ndi mfundo za chikhalidwe ndi anthu a adzalola anthu kuti adzawalamulira. Nkhonyayo oyamba malingaliro amene anapanga maziko a chiphunzitso ichi, chinayambitsa French kuukira boma mu 1879. Zochitika mu France, ndiye, zimasonyeza kuti anthu, amene chimaonedwabe nzeru zachokera "mfundo za chifukwa," Ndipotu kunapezeka kuti akhale okonda kwathunthu ndi oipa.

Mantha, nkhondo ndi anthu osalakwa anatsogolera anzeru ambiri kuganizira mozama pa zothekera zenizeni za sayansi ndi chifukwa anthu. zochitika wotsatira ku America ndipo Ulaya amakakamizidwa nzeru ena amakayikira udindo wa maphunziro mogwirizana chikhalidwe. Afilosofi ambiri anzeru, monga malemu XIX c., Pamene zingatanthauze, mfundo za nzeru chakale potsiriza anapambana, mwadzidzidzi anayamba kulankhula za irrationality za mbiri ndi relativity choonadi. Modern nzeru Western ali chiyambi chake enieni nthawi mfundo rethinking kumene kunachitika mu nthawi ya mbiri.

Zizindikiro zoyambirira za wovulala nzeru za Agiriki Tingaone mu ziphunzitso Nietzsche, ndipo Schopenhauer, ndipo otsatira awo. Mu mabuku awo bwino kunachokera mfundo yakuti dziko si limodzi zokuzira, ndi patsogolo mu sayansi mwina ndi zotsatira za zimayamba zoopsa. Kuyesa kulenga ngati kaonedwe mabuku chodabwitsa zopusa ndi maziko a kukhala individualization. Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard ndi Nietzsche angapezeke amajambulapo maluwa okongola khalidwe la siteji kenaka chitukuko cha nzeru Western, amene anayamba kukhala ndi mzimu ndi zaka 20 wa XX atumwi.

Mukayamba kudziwa malangizo chachikulu cha nzeru zamakono Western, m'pofunika kuitana anthropologism, scientism, kubwerera ku malingaliro a zokopa lachinsinsi-chipembedzo. Pali masitayilo atsopano maganizo ndi malingaliro mwapadera pa chithunzi cha dziko. Padziko cha m'ma XX, mogwirizana ndi ulimi sayansi ndi luso, mavuto padziko lonse la anthu linayamba chinatenga mwaunyinji. Modern Western nzeru, lotengeka ndi mantha tsogolo la anthu, limatchula mfundo zikuluzikulu atatu amene njira mwachangu:

• Ndi kumene kulipo pakati pa anthu ndi chikhalidwe zoipa nkhondo zoopsa?
• Zikatero, ngati alipo, tinganene kuti kutsutsana ichi ndi kwaiye ndi patsogolo sayansi ndi luso?
• Ndipo potsiriza, n'zomveka kuti asiye chiwonongeko cha anthu ndi chilengedwe lero, ndi momwe angachitire izo?

Modern nzeru Western, ikulongosola ambiri amene ali m'malo osokoneza, amapereka zosiyanasiyana njira zothetsera mavuto amenewa, koma anzeru masiku ano kuwona njira yotulukira zinthu ziliri pa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe wamba ndi mapangidwe makhalidwe atsopano anthu. Mu zatsopano makhalidwe anthu ndi chikondi cha chilungamo, maganizo padziko lonse ndipo amadana ndi mtundu uliwonse wa ziwawa. Modern nzeru Western akuyesera kulimbikitsa maganizo ake mfundo za umunthu, kuyika pamwamba pa munthuyo, ndipo osati sily.Okazalos ziwembu zopulula kuti chikumbumtima anthu kotheratu maganizo awo pa chisankho cha ntchito malangizo kwenikweni akudutsa chinthu chachikulu - moyo wa munthu ndi tanthauzo lake .