Spratly Islands: chithunzi, mbiri, dzina, yopuma. Nkhondo ku Spratlys (1988)

Spratly Islands - zili kakang'ono mu South China Sea. Iwo yaitali kukhala mutu wa makani pakati pa madera osiyanasiyana, wachita kale akuyesera kuti atenge ulamuliro. Malo okongola kwambiri dziko akhala mfundo za nkhondo, mikangano owawa mwa madera osiyanasiyana.

geolocation

Mu South China Sea 400 miyala osiyana, miyala ndi mabungwe ena, kuphatikizapo 200 m'gulu la Spratly zilumba. zilumba onsewa anachokera poyamba matanthwe. Ali otsika ndi zazing'ono. Okwera si mamita oposa 6. Kamodzi izi mapangidwe chilumba ankatchedwa Miyala Island.

Spartli Islands ali mu South China Sea. nyanjayi - theka-akachita malo ya Pacific Ocean, inali pakati pa magombe a Asia, dziwe, Indochina ndi Chimaleya Peninsula, ku Sumatra, Kalimantan, Palawan, chisumbu cha Mindoro ndipo Taiwan. South China Sea ndi zilumba wolemera. Pafupi ndi maulendo angapo lalikulu supertanker mu dziko. Malinga deta sayansi am'derali kuikapo maganizo nkhokwe yaikulu ya mafuta ndi gasi. Chinali pachiyambi nyanja ndi njira chinthu, chifukwa madzi ake kusamba kugombe la mphamvu akuluakulu sikisi.

Magwero a zilumba

Ambiri mwa zilumba - ndi madzi anasefukira shoals osefukira, miyala, ovuta miyala, osayenera moyo wa munthu, komanso kuimira vuto lalikulu kwa ziwiya m'madzi. Koma mawu a zilumba njira ndi ndale aang'ono amenewa ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu mu dziko. Pambuyo lawo walola boma mwini kudzatenga osati pa zisumbu, komanso pa malo madzi pafupi, kuphatikizapo chuma. Mpaka mapeto a 70s wa atumwi wotsiriza kwa am'nyanja opanda moyo miyala ndi kuzilumba za chidwi iye panalibe.

Spratly Islands dera - ndi malo pafupifupi 180,000 makilomita lalikulu. Ndi mbali iyi m'dera dziko palokha ndi pang'ono okha kuposa 10 mamita lalikulu. makilomita, kuphatikizapo Izikhalanso padziko maphunziro nyanja. Ili Islands Spratly fotokotoryh zili m'nkhani, kumwera Paracel zilumba makilomita 500. chiwerengero chawo si nthawi zonse, zimadalira nyengo ndi mafunde nthawi. maphunziro onse atabalalika mu nyanja mu mawonekedwe a yaitali Arc pafupifupi 1000 makilomita. Kuchotsa iwo ku "kontinenti":

• Kalimantan - 30 Km.
• Palawan - 60 Km.
• Vietnamese kamera Ranh doko - 460 Km.
• Chinese chilumba cha Hainan - 970 Km.

masamba a mbiriyakale

Mbiri ya Islands Spratly ndi:

• Back mu '59 BC inali yololedwa anapanga kutchula koyamba za mbiri yakale Chinese za zilumba, amene anakhala geographers kudziwika kwa Mafumu Han.
• Only mu 1211, chilumbachi anali woyamba anagwidwa pa mapu a China.
• Mu 1405, wotchuka Chinese kuyenda panyanja Chzhen Iye anafikira ndi kukaona angapo zilumba.
• Mu 1478 linasweka Chombo China pa miyala ya chilumbachi.
• Mu 1530, wofufuza ALVAREZ De Albuquerque Diegos anatumizidwa kufufuza njira Chinese. Pa nthawi yomweyo lakuyang'anira zilumba kumadzulo kwa chilumbachi.
• M'dera lino mu 1606, a Msipanishi Andreas De Pessora adzaitana anapeza chilumba - Santa Esmeralda Pekuena. Icho chinali chimodzi cha zilumba zimenezi zili, ndi Spratly zilumba.
• M'zaka za m'ma 17, "Khadi yanjinga Mayiko Kumwera" Mpaka Va kutchula Spratly Islands, amatchedwa "chikasu mchenga" amatanthauza chigawo Chinese Kuangigay. Pambuyo pake, Nguyen kulamulira mafumu ayamba kutumiza chaka chilichonse m'mphepete mwa zilumba 18 zombo zawo.
• Pamaziko a zolemba Chinese mbiri anapereka deta chibwenzi ku 1710, chilengezo cha Spratly Islands umwini Chinese. Pa nthawi yomweyo pa North Island anamanga kachisi wamng'ono Ist Ofunika.
• Mu 1714 atatu sitimayo Dutch likuwonongedwa gombe la Spratlys. asodzi Vietnamese kupulumutsidwa timu. The Dutch akaonekere kwa mfumu, ndipo anatuma kunyumba.
• Mfumu ya Mafumu Nguyen amazitcha "Company Hoang Sa" ntchito madzi a zilumba za South China Sea. Zombo nawo kampani ndi mwayi onse a zilumba 6 maulendo chaka.
• Kuyambira zaka 1730 kuti cha 1735, ndi achifwamba ntchito Islands monga m'munsi poyambira Spratly chifukwa cholimbana ndi kudutsa ndi Dutch, British ndi zombo Chipwitikizi. M'chaka cha 1735, boma la Britain kuwononga Wakuba chisa chilumbachi.
• Mu nthawi kuchokera 1758 mpaka 1768 pa asilikali French Sharl Ektor Théoden anapita Vietnam kuti ntchito Spratly zilumba oimika magalimoto magalimoto awo. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye anati pamaso pa mfuti ya kuponyera European otengedwa zombo linasweka pa zilumba kutali ndi nyanja.
• Wolemba mbiri Le Maf Don mu 1784 akulongosola watsopano mwa zilumba matanthwe.
• Mu 1786, Generalissimo Tay Mwana amapereka ndondomeko ndi kuyamba kufunafuna zilumba za golide, siliva ndi mfuti ku zombo olowa, komanso zogula nsomba kawirikawiri ndi zipolopolo za akamba. Chifukwa chaichi allocated zombo 4.
• Mu 1791, British Captain Henry Spratly chilumba amapereka maphunziro angapo. Iwo apatsa dzina lake mwalamulo.
• Mu 1798, pachilumba mu Spratly zilumba, British wokwera zi- nsanja. Mabwinja zilipodi.
• Mu 1816, Mfumu Gia Long la Vietnam mwalamulo analengeza mwayokha ndipo adzalamulira Islands Spratly.
• Mu nthawi ya zaka kuyambira 1835 mpaka 1847, pamene akutchula za Islands Paracel ndi Spratly Islands amapezeka mobwerezabwereza mu zolemba za olamulira Vietnamese. Pankhaniyi, palibe umboni mwa zilumba za thupi China.
• Mu 1847, Mfumu ya China inaika lamulo pa makonzedwe a m'mayiko a Spratly Zombo Zankhondo kufufuza m'deralo.
• Mu 1848, ndi Mfumu ya Nam Ha Vietnamese amapanga yaing'ono asilikali ankhondo kuti aziona ntchito a fleets zakunja zilumba.
• mbiri French Dubois de A Jancigny mu 1850 umboni bolodi pa zilumba za Mfumu ya Vietnam.
• Mu "nkhani mbiri ya Vietnam," Nguen Chong mu 1876 anatchula zilumba la mayiko a ufumu.
• Pachilumba cha Amboyna French nyumba yomangidwa mu 1887.
• M'mphepete mwa nyanja la zilumba mu 1895, linasweka zombo ziwiri yodzaza ndi mkuwa. Katundu kufunafuna ndi kutenga anthu a chilumba cha Hainan. UK amatumiza cholemba kumusonyeza kuti utsogoleri Chinese. Komabe, amalandira kuyankha kuti malo kugwa zinachitika, ndi China ayi, ndipo boma Chinese si udindo zimene zikuchitika Islands Spratly.
• Mu chaka cha 1898, pa imakhala ya Spanish-American pangano n'chakuti malire boma la Philippines, ndi malo Spratly sikuphatikizidwa.
• Mu 1901, Japan mokakamiza umtenga Dongsha Island, ndipo mu 1908 anagulitsa izo kwa China.
• Mu 1906 anafalitsa "Guide to Geography of China" imene zodziwika malire dziko. Spratly Islands sali m'gulu.
• Mu June 1909, mkulu wa chigawo Chinese wa Guangdong ndi Guangxi anatumiza gunboats asilikali ku zilumba kugwila.
• French ulendo mu 1925 chimatsimikizira kuti Islands Paracel ali m'gulu la State wa Vietnam.
• French kuti "De Lanessan" zimatumizidwa kugombe la Spratly zilumba kufufuza zilumba zimenezi zili ndi nkhokwe ya phosphates.
• Mu 1930, ndi kuti Chilumba cha Indochina Bwanamkubwa General Spratly analengeza gawo French.
• Mu 1933, pali ntchito asilikali angapo a zilumba mu South China Sea, kuphatikizapo Spratly.
• Mu December 1933, Spratly zilumba m'gulu Cochin China (China) chigawo. Spratly Island chikutchedwa Nansha.
• Japanese Minister okhonda mu March 1939 kulengeza Spratly Islands Japanese gawo. Mu April, pokwiya France, akuwonetsedwa ku dziko.
• Mu 1945, Japan renounces amanena ake kwa Spratlys. A asilikali Chinese anafika pa chilumbachi pansi napemphera monyenga mawu a Kusiya wa asilikali a ku Japan.
• Mu 1947, iwo ananena ndi Zionetsero boma ku boma French la China za ntchito mopanda chilolezo cha Islands Spratly. Koma mu December, lamulo akupitiriza ntchito zilumba m'zirumba Paracel ndi Spratly Chinese mayina a Xisha ndi Nansha Islands, motero. Onsewo ali m'gulu la China.
• Mu 1950, asilikali a boma China kuchoka pa chilumbacho, kubisala Taiwan.
• Boma Philippines amadzinenera umwini wa zilumba mu 1951. China zionetsero. Boma Vietnamese Bao Daya watero ulamuliro wake. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Japan ali kwathunthu anasiya zodzinenera zake.
• Mu 1956, panali ndale ndi pa nkhondo kumenyana pakati pa Philippines, China, Vietnam. France Kudziwitsidwa ufulu wawo ku zilumba Spratly.
• Mayiko asanu ndi limodzi asanafike 1974 anali kutsutsana pa umwini wa chilumbachi. zilumba osiyana anasamukira ku zigawo zosiyana.
• Mu January 1974 ndi bombardment loyamba ena a zilumba za ku China anapangidwa. Boma Vietnamese ali anapempha thandizo la United Nations. Ndiye mutu wa Vietnamese Utumiki okhonda anakadandaula ku United States.
• Mpaka 1988, panali kochepa ndikawapempha pa nsoka wa dera la zilumba mu South China Sea. Mu 1984, Brunei nadzaphatikizana ndi mikangano.
• Mu 1988, nthawi ya nkhondo kunachitika. Nkhondo Islands Spratly zinachitika pakati pa asilikali a China ndi Vietnam m'dera wa m'madzi Johnson gulu Spratly Islands. Pa nthawi yomweyo anapha 70 Vietnamese oyendetsa. Nkhondo ya Islands Spratly mu 1988 wakhala oopsa pa nthawi yonse mikangano ndi zonena. chiwerengero cha asilikali akufa Chinese wakhazikitsidwa.
• Isanafike 1996, anali yopanda magazi dziko imagwira. Mu January 1996, panali zida zankhondo nkhondo pakati Philippines ndi Zombo Zankhondo Chinese.
• Komabe mikangano Kupititsa sindileka, koma kugwiritsa Inde mtendere.

Kusamvana pa Spratly

mikangano dera lawo, omwe anakhala Spratly chilumba pakati, adzaupereka kwa State, mwa kungoona zifukwa zosiyana, waukulu umene ali:

• Geopolitical zolinga.
• Control mwa njira zoyendera.
• Kukhalapo m'chigawochi.
• Kukula kwa malire ndi mabacteria zachuma.
• Lophunzira zinthu zonse zachilengedwe derali.

Pankhaniyi, zaufulu kalata yomasulira wodzala ndi Spratlys alibe mapulani kuti boma lililonse ntchito kwa iwo. Komabe, boma latsopano, ponena zofuna zake mu chilumbachi. Izi ndi United States, chidwi cha dziko - mafuta. zilumba zonse amaonedwa oyembekezera chifukwa chimasanduka.

Control m'zilumba

Panthawi mu South China Sea, vuto. Mayikidwe a asilikali ndi amapereka angapo Islands Spratly ndi:

• China amasonyezera ulamuliro pa zilumba zimenezi zili naini a chilumbachi.
• Midzi ya asilikali a Vietnam anakakhala pa 21 chilumba.
• Philippines imapezeka 8 Islands.
• Malaysia 3 asaaonerera pa chilumba.
• Pa yaikulu chilumba Taypindao ndi mphamvu mu Taiwan.
• zilumba zina kukhala omasuka (ndi).

Kugwiritsa "Chilamulo cha kunyanja"

Tsopano yekha "Chilamulo cha kunyanja" sanathe kudziwa udindo wa zilumba. Tsopano ndi "ogwira utakhala". Ndiko kuti, pansi pa lamulo la dziko lililonse padziko lapansi alibe ufulu wokatenga ndi zone chuma madzi Kupititsa kapena kugwila alumali pafupi. Izi zimatheka ngati ndi kuthetsa zilumba ndiponso kukhalabe pa ntchito zachuma. Koma ambiri a zilumba zimenezi ali wamng'ono kapena nthawi anasefukira zimene sitingathe kulankhula za malowo.

atasemphana kuthetsa

N'chifukwa chake mu 1994, mungachite kuti kuthetsa mtendere nkhondo apangidwa. Iwo anatengera kusamvana pa ratification ya panganoli UN. Vietnam ndipo China tabwera ndi kugwirizana mumtima, kusankha kuyankha mafunso okhudza ulamuliro wa Islands Spratly kusiya kaye kwa zaka 50. Anaganiza kukhala pamodzi ndi zachilengedwe pa maziko amgwirizano.

Kumangidwa kwa zilumba yokumba

Komabe, Beijing boma watsala ndi kanthawi kochepa akuyesetsa ake kukhala shelefu kuyambira 2002. Ntchito inayambika yomanga zilumba yokumba. Ichi ndi lipenga khadi zosemphana ndi limati zina. Ndithudi, repopulating zilumba, China apeza mphamvu pa iwo.

zilumba Amapanga mu Spratly zilumba - paradaiso alendo. Koma mpaka iwo okhala okha usilikali. China pang'onopang'ono kumawonjezera dera "awo" zilumba mu South China Sea. nyumba awa adzatha kulimbana nyumba iliyonse. China ndi mantha za US kusewera Mulungu, ndi kuchita ostrovostroitelstvom kutembenukira miyala chilumba ku chilumba chokongola ndi magombe woyera mchenga ndi malo wobiriwira. Pa mmodzi wa m'madzi kale anamanga kubzala-msewu wonyamukira ndege ndi kutentha. Pa zilumba yokumba kale 4 airfield lapansi.

Kupatula zolinga zandale pomanga zilumba, China akuthamangitsa zokonda chuma. Chilengedwe cha zilumba yokumba zidzathandiza China kubala amanena azidzipereka kwa madzi Kupititsa mkati 200 miles. US limati China osati kuzindikira zilumba yokumba mu South China Sea mu 2012, koma kukhwimitsa chitetezo kulibe.

Tsopano mothandizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka yokumba m'dziko China wakhala tiwonjezere Mabuku awo ndi makilomita lalikulu 1.5. Kuwonjezeka m'dera wa chisumbucho adzalola kenako agwirizane am'nyanja yapafupi, zilumba zimenezi zili ndi zilumba.

Tikayang'ana pa zotsatira za ntchito China pali kumverera kuti Spratly Islands tchuthi alendo adzatha kupereka yamtendere wathunthu. Ngati yomanga zilumba anafika pachimake, liti zomangamanga zonse zofunika kuti kukhala omasuka, ndi Spratly kukhala "Mecca" ntchito zokopa alendo dziko. Komanso, nyengo ndi Islands geolocation kukumana i zonse malo a holide wabwino.