Spring balere: mitundu, masiku kubzala, kulima, Ndalama

Spring balere - chakudya chofunika, chakudya ndi mbewu luso. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza makhalidwe waukulu wa chikhalidwe, makamaka kulima ake.

kufunika zachuma

Ku kasupe balere mbewu dzinthu chopangidwa (ndi ngale balere) ndi ufa. Koyera balere ufa si ntchito, mu kuchuluka kwa 20-25%, ndi admixed kwa tirigu kapena rye ufa. Balere amagwiritsidwanso ntchito nkhumba, ndi m'madera si nakulitsa Mapila - chifukwa kudyetsa akavalo. Komanso, chikhalidwe ndi zopangira kwa kupanga mowa ndi mowa. Balere mbewu lili: asafe-free extractives - 64,6%, mapuloteni - 12%, mapadi - 5.5%, madzi - 13% mafuta - 2.1% ndi 2.8% phulusa.

Origin chikhalidwe

Balere - mmodzi wa mbewu wamkulu ulimi. Monga yomanga, iye pamodzi ndi tirigu, ankadziwika kuti anthu mu M'badwo Stone. Aiguputo nakulitsa balere 50 zaka BC. Mu Greece, Italy ndi China izo akulimidwa kuyambira nthawi ya mbiri isanayambe. Malinga ndi zipangizo za zofukulidwa pa dera la Central Asia barele wamkulu pansi ulimi yothiriridwa kwa 4-5 zaka chikwi BC. Pa gawo la Moldova ndi Ukraine anayamba kukhala mu 3 Zakachikwi BC. Pakali pano, kulima kasupe balere ankachita padziko lonse.

mafotokozedwe botanical

Mtundu Hordeum L wapangidwa ndi mitundu itatu ya mitundu chikhalidwe ambiri balere zakutchire. Cultural balere zimagawidwa ndi nambala ya makutu zipatso, zomwe zili pa zigawo za ndodo. Tiyeni tikambirane mitundu awa:

• Hordeum vulgare. Zimenezi amatchedwa Mipikisano mzere kapena wamba. Lililonse gawo la ndodo izo ili atatu wobala zipatso spikelet kupereka tirigu. Malinga mlingo wa khutu kachulukidwe balere wamba lagawidwa subspecies awiri: zolondola 6 mzere (khutu wandiweyani wakuda, yochepa, mu gawo mtanda akufanana ndi hexagon zonse), ndipo pachithunzichi 6 mzere (khutu ndi zochepa wandiweyani, mizere ndi mbewu imakonzedwa molakwika, mbali spikes akhoza kulowa kwa wina ndi mzake ndi kukhala ndi sing'anga kukula, ndipamene amakona anayi mawonekedwe mu gawo mtanda kukwera).
• Hordeum distichon. Izi balere awiri mzere, imene atatu gawo la ndodo akukhala spikelet (wobala zipatso sing'anga, ndi mbali - wosabala). Ndi chikhalidwe cha spikelets lateral awiri mzere balere lagawidwa subspecies awiri. Mbali yoyamba subspecies wosabala spikelets anakonza maluwa ndi glumes, ndipo chachiwiri - basi glumes.
• Hordeum intermedium. Izi balere wapakatikati. Pa Chigawo Koloskov ndodo iye angathe 1-3 mbewu.

Mu M'madera a zitunda wathu, kufalikira anali kokha Mipikisano mzere ndi awiri mzere balere. Origin imakhala precocious ndi chilala kugonjetsedwa. Mipikisano mzere ndi awiri mzere balere lagawidwa mitundu. gulu akhoza zochokera makhalidwe monga spinous awns khalidwe, mitundu kukwera ndi mbewu, hulled tirigu kachulukidwe ndi kukwera.

mbali kwachilengedwenso

Spring balere Amasintha bwino nthaka osiyana ndi nyengo.

Kutentha. mbewu balere kuyamba kumera pa kutentha digiri 1. Pankhaniyi chizindikiro yabwino kumera kutentha ndi madigiri 20-22. Mphukira wa chikhalidwe chingathe kupirira kuzizira pansi digiri 8 pansi pa ziro. Makamaka tcheru ndi chisanu mbewu akukhala pa maluwa ndi kucha. Pa tsegula weevil wosabadwa angakhudzidwe ngakhale 1.5-3 madigiri Celsius. Mapira, pansi yoposa chisanu akhoza kwathunthu kutaya kumera. Kukana kuti ozizira imasiyana malingana ndi mitundu ya barele. The sukulu kugonjetsedwa kwambiri adzalandira zigawo kumalo ozizira.

Mkulu kutentha pa tirigu kudzazidwa balere bwino analekerera kuposa Mapila ndi tirigu. Malinga ndi maphunziro VR Zelenskogo, pa kutentha 38-40 madigiri stomata chikhalidwe kutaya luso lawo kutseka pambuyo maola 25-30. Mu kasupe tirigu index izi ndi pakati pa 10 ndi 17 maola. Kuchuluka balere kukana kuti kutentha chifukwa kukula ndi mphamvu mwamsanga tima kudya mu magawo oyambirira kukula.

Chinyezi. Pa chilala kukana wa kasupe balere ndi mmodzi wa atsogoleri mwa mikate gulu 1. transpiration ake mtengo za 400. M'madera louma mbewu balere kawirikawiri voluminous kuposa mbewu tirigu.

Kukana kuti mpweya ndi nthaka chilala zingasiyane malingana zosiyanasiyana lapansi. The sangathe chinyezi balere kwambiri atengeke mu gawo chubu linanena bungwe. Ngati pa nthawi ino nthaka lili ndi osakwanira kuchuluka kwa madzi, makutu sangathe kukhala bwino ndi chiwerengero cha spikelets wosabereka izo kwambiri.

Nthaka. Monga tanenera kale, kasupe balere nakulitsa bwinobwino nthaka ndi nyengo mabacteria osiyana, monga momwe taonera kusinthasintha zake zosiyanasiyana dothi. Kumbali ya Kuyankha kwa chonde nthaka, balere ali ngati tirigu kuposa Mapila. Kwa iye, kwambiri zovomerezeka structural chonde m'nthaka kaja ndi kulima kwambiri. Pa mchenga ndi mchenga dothi loam, monga chimanga ili bwino anakamba. Ndi akumane kwa balere acidic peat ndi saline dothi. Chimakula bwino pa dothi ndi pH wa 6.8 kuti 7.5.

Zomera. Malinga zosiyanasiyana ndi, dera kukula ndi nyengo ya chilimwe balere kukula nyengo akhoza osiyanasiyana monga masiku 60 110.

Mitundu

Pakali pano, kasupe balere mitundu zambiri. Ife kuyang'ana wotchuka ochepa, kuti kumvetsa ambiri zavutoli.

Viscount. zosiyanasiyana linalengedwa ndi njira mwakusakaniza intraspecific. Iwo ali munthu wolungama dzenje tsinde chitsamba pafupifupi makulidwe. tirigu kulemera ndi magalamu 0,042-0,054. Nthawi zomera ranges kuchokera masiku 73 mpaka 127 malingana dera. The zosiyanasiyana amaona kuti forage, koma zinthu zabwino angathe kutulutsa mbewu, oyenera moŵa. Tirigu pafupifupi lili ku 11 mpaka 13% mapuloteni. Membranous si upambana 10%. The Tingafinye ndi 77,8-80,1%.

Zosiyanasiyana kugonjetsedwa ndi matenda ndi kusintha nthaka ndi nyengo. zipatso zake ingathandize 70 quintals pa mahekitala. North otere ikuchitika pa zotheka kuchoka koyamba mmunda. 1 ha Lifesedwa pafupifupi miliyoni 4.5-5 mbewu. Ngati kubzala anachedwa, ndi kasupe akuyembekezeka kukhala wouma zimangosonyeza kuonjezera mwa 1 miliyoni.

Vakula. The zosiyanasiyana ali kusinthasintha mkulu kusintha zinthu kukula. Izo adatchithisira photoperiodic tilinazo, amene amaonetsetsa kukolola, kaya kutalika kufika kwa masika ndi limatchula za derali lili anapatsidwa. tirigu kulemera lingayambire pakukhala 0,046 kuti 0,052 ga ndi kulemera wochuluka chinyezi ukufika 0.060 ga ali zosiyanasiyana mkulu-mphamvu kukula tirigu, membranous otsika ndi otsika mapuloteni okhutira. Mbali yamasika limakupatsani icho kwa yofululira moŵa ya. kufesa mlingo akhoza osiyanasiyana monga mbewu 2 3 miliyoni pa mahekitala 1. Unakhuthala mbewu zinthu louma musataye, mkulu mbewu yaikulu khalidwe. Vakula ololera mitundu akhoza osiyanasiyana monga quintals 50 90 pa mahekitala.

Helios. Balere zosiyanasiyana zimenezi zikufanana mu makhalidwe ake mtundu wa Vakula. Komabe, poyerekeza ndi iye, ali mkulu mbewu khalidwe. tchire bwino ndi kupereka apamwamba zokolola pansi chinyezi bwino. Zosiyanasiyana cholinga kulima kwambiri ndi mlingo wotsikirapo seeding. tirigu kulemera lingayambire pakukhala 0,048 magalamu 0,050. Pa nyengo kukula zimasiyanasiyana mu uthunthu yopapatiza - masiku 90-93. Mlingo seeding ndi mbewu miliyoni 3,7-4,16 pa mahekitala 1. Zokolola balere amenewa akhoza kufika 89 T / ha.

Duncan. Spring balere a kalasi unayambitsidwa mu Canada ndi ponseponse zikomo dziko ndi ntchito zokolola kwambiri, kumera ndi nyonga. Chifukwa cha tsinde amphamvu balere mitundu kugonjetsedwa PERMUT ndi pogona. Kulemera kwa mbewu imodzi ndi pafupifupi 0,049 ga Zokolola kalasi ndi 80 quintals pa mahekitala. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti iye ali ndi ndalama mbewu otsika kwambiri - mbewu miliyoni 2-2.2 pa mahekitala. Chithunzi yamasika chifukwa chakuti unakhuthala boma chikhalidwe bwino anakamba.

Priazovsky 9. Kufesa mitundu balere wa masheya kutchulidwa kwa Russian Federation mitundu. Iwo amakhala ndi kukana mkulu chilala ndi ductility wabwino. Nthawi zomera balere ndi masiku 80-82. Culm lili mphamvu yapamwamba ndi kukana kunyumba. Zosiyanasiyana kugonjetsedwa ndi chikoka cha powdery cinoni, dzimbiri ndi kumiza onse a tizirombo. Best wa onse ndi oyenera kulima mu chapakati Black Lapansi, North Caucasus ndi zigawo Middle Volga la Russia. Zokolola za mtundu wa barele ndi 42-63 quintals pa mahekitala. Kulemera kwa mbewu imodzi lingayambire pakukhala magalamu 0,045-0,055.

Mtundu wa Mamluk. zosiyanasiyana uyu ali mkulu photoperiodic tilinazo, choncho zachitika mofulumira mu magawo oyambirira kukula. Ogona kukaniza zosiyanasiyana izi si monga mkulu monga wa munthu yapita, Komabe, zili m'gulu la mndandanda wa mitundu Russian. Ambiri mwa tirigu imapita kudyetsa, koma ambiri ndi processing mbewu monga chimanga. Kalasi ali ndi kukana wamba kuti chilala ndi phunziro kwa pafupifupi palibe matenda infestation Machinery. Wotchuka kwambiri amagwiritsa Mameluke mu Krasnodar ndi Stavropol Krai la Chitaganya cha Russia. Ololera mitundu angafikire matani 68 pa mahekitala. The zokolola za masika balere zipatso ndi apamwamba, mwamsanga adzakhululukidwa seeded. Mlingo seeding ranges ku mbewu 4.5 miliyoni 5 pa mahekitala. Ngati mawu a kufesa kasupe balere osati anathandizira, ayenera chinawonjezeka ndi miliyoni.

Malo mu kasinthasintha wa

Best kalambulabwalo kwa kasupe balere ndi mzere mbewu monga mbatata, chimanga ndi Beet shuga. A njira yabwino komanso zinthu mbewu yozizira, kuthamanga awiri koyera feteleza. Barele ndi kasupe tirigu afesedwa pambuyo, ngati anaikidwa atavala zoyera kapena udzu osatha. Balere, chifesedwa mu malo a mbewu mzere, makamaka oyenera moŵa. Iwo amapereka mkulu zokolola ndi apamwamba kwambiri mbewu, zambiri wowuma.

Pakuti ntchito kapena chakudya chakudya ziweto balere ndi seeded legume kenako asafe kudziunjikira m'nthaka. madera Beet nthawi zambiri chifesedwa mu malo Beet. Malinga ndi maphunziro, zokolola apamwamba balere anaona pamene yoyamba (mu ukutsika dongosolo): mbatata, chimanga, fulakesi, Beet, kasupe tirigu, balere.

Popeza balere ndi chikhalidwe precocious, amaona n'zofanana zabwino masika, ndi m'madera ena ndi mbewu yozizira. Chifukwa kututa oyambirira, nawonso ankamuona ngati mbewu chivundikiro ndi wapamwamba pa nkhani imeneyi, dzinthu ena masika.

feteleza

Spring balere Yankho bwino oyamba a feteleza nthaka. Mapangidwe 100 makilogalamu mbewu zofunika makilogalamu 2.5-3 wa asafe, potassium ndi makilogalamu 2-2.4 1.1-1.2 makilogalamu phosphorous. Mu mbali yoyamba ya chikhalidwe chitukuko amadya pang'ono fetereza. Pa nthawi ya "mphukira-tillering" izo amadya pafupifupi theka la phosphorous, asafe theka zogona atatu a kulemera okwana feteleza potaziyamu ntchito pa nyengo kukula.

Kuwonjezera manyowa mwachindunji pansi balere iwo ankachita mu kumpoto, kumene kuli waukulu tirigu mbewu. M'madera ena, luso logwiritsa ntchito kuti mupindule zotsatira za manyowa - seeded chikhalidwe chachiwiri.

feteleza zimenezi kwa kasupe balere monga phosphorous ndi potaziyamu, wopangidwa pansi Zyablov kulima. Asafe ndi bwino kuti pamene kudyetsa pansi presowing kulima. Potaziyamu ndi phosphorous luso la chikhalidwe moŵa. Zotsatira zabwino, makamaka ku malo kumadzulo kwa kulima, balere zokolola pamene kudyetsa fetereza wathunthu.

Chiwerengero cha mbali fetereza amadalira mtundu wa dothi limene zipatso. Pa dothi podzolic imvi wakuda oipa komanso mu zone ya dothi mgoza balere kwambiri kumva phosphorous ndi feteleza asafe. Pa chatsanulidwa dothi madambo aakulu zotsatira wamkulu amapereka potaziyamu. Pa chernozems yachibadwa zotsatira wamkulu chingapezeke mwa ntchito zovuta phosphorous-potaziyamu.

Mlingowu fetereza, komanso mawonekedwe umadalira pa makhalidwe a nthaka, imene zokolola ndi magwiritsidwe zakudya. Kukula yachibadwa ya chikhalidwe, ena kuposa feteleza pa mndandanda, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zingapo micronutrients, zomwe ndi zochokera boron, manganese, nthaka, mkuwa, molybdenum ndi zina zotero. Kupanda micronutrients m'nthaka kungayambitse matenda zomera, matenda kagayidwe kachakudya ndipo kwambiri kuchepetsa zokolola.

Pa chatsanulidwa dothi peat monga feteleza unapangidwa bluestone ndi galasi cinder. Dziwani kuti zotsatira za feteleza mkuwa bwanji yokolola zaka zochepa.

tillage

Culture akutsutsana amamera minda ndi zakuya m'dzinja kulima. Yolima kuya akhoza kufika 30 cm Sod dothi podsolic zotsatira wapadera chingapezeke. Pamene recess olimapo wosanjikiza ndi ntchito munthawi yomweyo manyowa ndi feteleza. Chisanu ndi madzi anasungunuka m'madera anafuna kufesa kasupe balere, akuchedwa mofanana madera pansi kasupe tirigu. Spring mankhwala nthaka zingaphatikizepo wotopetsa kapena looping ndi kulima ndi wotopetsa munthawi yomweyo.

Tsopano tiyeni tione kulima kasupe balere pang'onopang'ono.

yokonza mbewu

Pakuti kufesa mbewu ntchito yaikulu balere. Ali mkulu kumera mphamvu, kumera ndi kupereka mulu kukula bwino. Kuonjezera zokolola mbewu ankachitira ndi mpweya Kutentha kutentha. Komanso, iwo unazokotedwa ku matenda aakulu ndi tizirombo youma kapena theka-youma njira.

yofesa kalendala

Spring balere imakhudzanso mbewu ndi masiku kubzala oyambirira. Ngati akuchedwa yofesa sabata zokolola mwina kuchepetsedwa ndi 10-40%, malingana ndi dera. Ndi kufesa oyambirira balere chipereka mbewu coarse ndi okhutira osachepera mafilimu ndi mbande kugonjetsedwa.

Monga ulamuliro, kasupe balere afesedwa ndi kasupe tirigu, kapena pambuyo. Mu Siberia ndi kumpoto Kazakhstan balere kufesa kalendala akuyamba ku May 15-25, malingana ndi chaka. Mu Crimea, dera Kuban ndi ku Central Asia ankachita February mbewu. Choncho, nthawi yofesa kasupe balere angathe kukhala osiyana kwambiri ndi kudalira limatchula derali.

njira yofesa

Kufesa kasupe balere mtanda ndi akufa pochita chatsekedwa ndi zothandiza kwambiri. Monga mchitidwe limasonyeza, njira izi, poyerekeza ndi ochiritsira kubowola seeding, limapereka zokolola za 15% kwambiri.

mlingo seeding

seeding mlingo zimadalira dera kulima balere. Mwachitsanzo, Far East ali ku 1.6 kuti quintals 2 pa mahekitala (pafupifupi mamiliyoni 4.5 mbewu yotheka), ndi North Caucasus - 1.3-1.6 quintals pa mahekitala (za 3.5-4, 5 miliyoni mbewu). Choncho, mlingo ntchito zingasiyane mu osiyanasiyana mwachilungamo lonse, malingana ndi zinthu agronomic ndi nthaka ya derali. The unakhuthala mbewu mapuloteni okhutira nyemba waponya. Kuyenera n'komwe ngati chikhalidwe wakula kwa moŵa.

mozama kubzala

Pa dothi lolemera kwambiri, mbewu zimabzalidwa mozama osati masentimita 4, ndipo pamadontho a mchenga - osapitirira 6 masentimita. M'mavuto a kusowa kwa mlengalenga, kukula kwa kufesa kumawonjezeka mpaka masentimita 8. Mbeu zofesedwa zimakhala pang'onopang'ono, choncho zimayenera kukhala pansi pa nthaka. .

Kusamalira mbewu

Kuti mphukira zikhale zogwirizana, kumadera owuma, kubzala pambuyo pofesa kumachitika nthawi imodzi ndi kuwala kowala. M'madera ozizira, kugwedeza pa mphukira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Miyeso imeneyi imatilola kuti tisawononge namsongole, kumasula nthaka ndi kuonjezera mwayi wa oxygen ku mizu. Ngati, mutatha mvula yambiri, phokoso lafalikira pansi, ndipo mbande sizinawonekere, izo zawonongedwa ndi ziphuphu.

Kukolola

Balere amakolola pamodzi. Poyamba kuphulika, nkhwangwa imapeza ubwino, ndipo njere imatha kugwa. Kuyeretsa kwa magawo awiri kumayambira pafupifupi pakati pa sera yoyera, ndi kuyeretsa gawo limodzi - poyeretsa mokwanira, mu njira yofulumira.

Kuwombera balere: zinthu

Makhalidwe a kasupe balere ogwiritsidwa ntchito mowa, apange zofuna zapadera. Pofuna kuthira mowa, balere awiri, omwe amapereka tirigu wamkulu, ngakhale wogawanika, ndi abwino kwambiri. Mbewu yopangira mowa iyenera kukhala yaikulu (kulemera pafupifupi 0.040-0.050 g) ndi zofiira zofiira, zokhala ndi utoto wobiriwira, zopanda 78% za wowuma komanso zowonjezera 95%.

Poyamba, ankakhulupirira kuti tirigu wokhawokha ndiwo wokwanira kumwa mowa, zomwe zimakhala zochepa kwambiri. Komabe, patapezeka kuti zonse sizidalira kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni, koma ndi khalidwe lawo. Malingana ndi kafukufuku, zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zikhoza kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito balere omwe ali ndi mapuloteni akuluakulu (globulins ndi prolamins), omwe sapezeka mumadzi. Zimakhudza kwambiri ntchito yopanga mowa wosatetezedwa ndi nayitrogeni, komanso albumins ya nitrogen. Amtengo wapatali kwambiri a balere wotero ndi nyengo yozizira, chimanga, mbatata, beets ndi fulakesi.

Bleyle akamalimidwa pa makampani a brewing, zotsatira zabwino zingapezeke ndi nthawi yoyamba kubzala. Izi zimapangitsa kuti munthu apereke zokolola zambiri za alimi, zazikulu zambewu zomwe zimakhala ndi zowonjezera komanso zosachepera.

Mu kulima mbewu zoterezo njira zabwino kwambiri zofesera ndizowonjezera mzere wochepa. Kudyetsa kubzala pambuyo kumakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pa mbewu za mbewu. Ndipo pakupanga kutsetsereka kapena kugwirana kwakukulu kwa dothi, kuvuta kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa cha njirazi, tsinde ndi lofanana, ndipo njereyo imadulidwa. Pa ulimi wa barele, sizowonjezeka kuti zikhale zoyenera, chifukwa muyiyi mbeu imatha kukhala yaying'ono komanso yotsika.

Bwino ndi ubwino wa barele wothira zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi njira ndi nthawi yokolola. Kuyeretsa kumodzi komwe kumachitika pakapita nthawi, pamene chinyontho cha tirigu sichiri 22%, chimakhala chogwira ntchito kwambiri. Komabe, kumadera akum'mwera, magawo awiri oyeretsa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati balere adayimirira, kuchuluka kwa sitima kumagwa, chifukwa chakuti kupuma kumayamba. Kutentha kwa mphepo ndi kutentha kwambiri pakutha kwake kumakhudza kwambiri ubwino wa mbewu yokolola. Pambuyo popunthira, njereyo imayang'aniridwa mosamala ndi yowuma, yomwe imateteza kusungunuka kwake kowala komanso kumapereka mphamvu yowera kumera.