Stalinist sosholisimu: mbali yaikulu ndi makhalidwe

Stalinist sosholisimu otchedwa dongosolo umoyo ndale, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi analipo m'nyengo ya Iosifa Stalina ulamuliro mu theka lachiwiri la 1920s mpaka 1953. Nthawi imeneyi, Soviet Union anakumana mafakitale, collectivization, mafunde angapo mantha. Socialism Stalin nyengo - tingachipeze powerenga opondereza boma ndi chuma lamulo ndi yotakata zida kuponderezedwa.

chuma latsopano

Chinthu choyamba chimene zikugwirizanirana ndi sosholisimu Stalinist - ichi ndi mafakitale mofulumira, umene unachitikira mu USSR mu 1930s ndi. Kamodzi mphamvu, Bolsheviks muli ndi dziko anawonongedwa ndi zaka nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi aakulu mavuto azachuma. Choncho, kwa olimba a chipani lotsogoleredwa ndi Lenin ndinaganiza zopita pa kukondera maganizo ndi anayambitsa NEP. The dzina malamulo atsopano a zachuma, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kuli msika ogwira ntchito ufulu.

NEP posachedwapa zachititsa kuti kukhazikitsanso dziko. Pakali pano, mu 1924, Lenin atamwalira. Mphamvu nthawi zina kukhala gulu. Padziko helm a chipani lolunjika Bolsheviks lopambana kuimira gulu la October kuukira boma ndi chigonjetso mu Civil nkhondo. Stalin pang'onopang'ono inathetsedwa mpikisano onse. Kumayambiriro kwa 1920s ndi 1930s anayambitsa mphamvu basi wankhanza. Kupeza bwino kwake yekha angayendetsere boma yaikulu, Mlembi General anayamba mafakitale. Anakhala maziko a kodi posachedwa ikutchedwa sosholisimu Stalinist.

Zisanu Chaka Plan

Dongosolo la mafakitale inkakhala mfundo zingapo kiyi. Iwo anayamba mayamwidwe wa m'boma la chuma. Chuma cha dziko tsopano anali kukhala ku zolinga zisanu. Ankalalikira "chuma mode". chuma onse a dziko anaponyedwa pa ntchito yomanga mafakitale latsopano.

Pomaliza, Stalinist sosholisimu zimatanthauza kwambiri mafakitale - chilengedwe kupanga makina makampani ndi kumabungwe ena a chuma. cholinga chake chinali kuchoka ku zinthu zonse zokhudzana ndi chuma agrarian. Dziko alibe zokwanira anakumana ndodo, ndi la Soviet Union anali kwayekha lonse. Choncho, Politburo nafuna kupereka ufulu chuma ndi luso ku West.

Kukakamizidwa mafakitale zinachitikadi chifukwa deflate chuma m'mudzi, ngongole zoweta, wotchipa ntchito, ntchito m'ndende ndi proletarian changu. "Kupulumutsa mumalowedwe" akuganizira zonse - malawi, chakudya, malipiro. boma analenga dongosolo yokumba wankhanza wa anthu ndi kuchepetsa katundu wake. Mu 1928-1935 gg. mu dziko panali chakudya makadi. Kukakamizidwa mafakitale amakankhira mfundo. mphamvu Union akadali ndinalota kusintha dziko kuyembekezera kuti agwiritse ntchito yochepa wotopa chifukwa chuma latsopano, popanda imene sizikanatheka kulimbana imperialists lapansi. Choncho, zaka za mafakitale mu USSR (1930) zinachititsa osati zikamera wa chuma qualitatively osiyana, komanso kulimbikitsa chitetezo ndi dziko.

yomanga mantha

Woyamba dongosolo zaka zisanu anabwera 1928-1932 gg. Latsopano mafakitale zipangizo mu nthawi imeneyi anaonekera makamaka m'munda wa mphamvu, zitsulo ndi luso lopanga. mapulani munthu idzakonzedwa aliyense gawo ndi ena kwambiri m'madera a zachuma (mwachitsanzo, Kuzbass). Model anali polojekiti Dnieper, mu omwe adamangidwa opangira magetsi siteshoni mphamvu ndi damu pa Dnieper.

Stalinist sosholisimu anapereka dziko khala latsopano ndi pakati zitsulo m'madera a madipoziti ku Siberia ndi Urals. Patsogolo kwambiri amakampani yomwe imakhala mu gawo European wa USSR. Woyamba dongosolo zaka zisanu kusintha zinthu. Tsopano, makampani Soviet kutumizidwa pa malire a dziko yaikulu mosamala kwambiri. Choka mabizinesi kum'mawa ndipo malinga kwambiri ndi mantha atsogoleri andale a nkhondo ndi West losonkhanitsidwa.

Mu nthawi Stalin panali Dalstroy anafika migodi golide ku Far East (makamaka Kolyma). M'dera limeneli, izo mwakhama ntchito ntchito akaidi wa Gulag. anthu awa amanga mabizinezi ambiri oyamba asanu. Ankakumbanso wotchuka White Nyanja Ngalande, zomwe anagwirizana mabeseni mtsinje European wa USSR.

Kusintha ulimi

Pamodzi ndi mafakitale collectivization - kuti ndi lokhudza sosholisimu Stalinist mu choyamba. njira ziwiri zinali kufanana ndi synchronously. Popanda wina sipakanakhala ena. Collectivization - chiwonongeko cha minda payekha m'mudzi kukhazikitsidwa kwa minda wamba gulu, amene anali m'gulu la zilembo zazikulu za dongosolo latsopano zokomera.

Woyamba Soviet khumi, kusintha mu gawo la ulimi wa boma pafupifupi munthu chikwapu. minda gulu aliko limodzi ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma zibakera - Ndipotu, alimi osadalira pa mtundu Western. Iwo zamalonda anatengerapo mwayi wamba amene achita m'mudzi likulu pafupifupi. Pakadali pano Stalinist sosholisimu sananene ntchito zawo.

Mu 1929, tsiku lokumbukira khumi wa October kuukira boma, mlembi wamkulu wa chipani anamasulidwa nkhani odziwika bwino, "Chaka cha Great Change". Iwo Stalin analengeza chiyambi cha gawo latsopano la kutukula mudzi. Mu December, iyenso poyera anapempha kuti asagwiritse kulaks, ndi kuwononga gulu la. Chikadzangotha mawu awa kenako otchedwa "collectivization".

cannibalization

Kumaliza collectivization akuluakulu ntchito njira zofanana asilikali. The mayunitsi m'mudzi agitators Chikomyunizimu kupita. Ngati wonse apilo mtendere mlimi sanapite ku munda ndi sanadzisiyira chuma chake munthu, izo anazunzidwa. Wopereka kulandidwa katundu.

Zibakera ankatengedwa eni ntchito mu ntchito yolipidwa munda, kugulitsana malonda, anali kaŵirikaŵiri zimafalitsa kapena makina oyendera mphepo. Onse anali "kukonzedwa" za 15-20% ya alimi amene sanafune kupita ku minda losonkhanitsidwa. Ambiri a iwo ndi mabanja awo anatumizidwa ku ndende ntchito, kundende ndi ukapolo. Chotero atsamunda wapadera Ankawaphwanyira ufulu.

"Chizungulire ndi Kupambana"

zaka zambiri chitsanzo Stalinist lamadyerero ankasiyana chosefukira nkhanza. Local chipani ziwalo ndi nyuzipepala amatchedwa "wodalirika" musazengereze uyitakase amadana ndi kalasi mlendo kwa kulaks ndi zina potsimikizira-boma. wamba Middle ndi anansi awo olemera zambiri anakaniza kupondereza. Iwo anali kupha chikominisi ndi okonza anatumiza collectivization anathawira kumzinda ndi potentha minda gulu, kudula ng'ombe zawo. A mndandanda wa ntchito zida anali lachibadwa. Iwo sanachite chikhalidwe bungwe, ndipo posakhalitsa crackdown boma.

Mudzi mu nyengo ya Soviet, anazunza osati Stalinist sosholisimu. Chiyambi zochuluka pa Civil nkhondo, pamene alimi ulimi anali kulamulidwa kutenga gawo la zokolola zawo kuti boma, komanso akumenya mwamphamvu ndi alimi. The Bolsheviks nthawi alternated kuthamanga ndi chifooke kukakamiza m'mudzi.

M'chaka cha 1930, Stalin, oopa kulimbikira zida za kulaks analemba nkhani kumangosokoneza mgwirizano "chizungulire ndi bwino". collectivization tempo penapake tulo. A mbali ya wamba anachoka minda losonkhanitsidwa. Komabe, kupondereza inayambanso mu kugwa. Gawo yogwira collectivization inatha mu 1932, ndipo mu 1937 minda gulu inkakhala za 93% ya minda.

Kukhetsa chuma m'mudzi

Zinthu zambiri sosholisimu Stalinist zonyansa mankhwala a Ulamuliro ndi chiwawa. Kupondereza wolungama kumanga dziko latsopano ndi zoyembezereka za m'tsogolo. Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zazikulu za chuma zokomera m'mudzi anayamba MTS - machine thalakitala okwerera. Zinakhalapo mu 1928-1958 biennium. MTS anapereka minda ndi zida zatsopano.

Mwachitsanzo, pakati pa thalakitala Soviet anakhala Stalingrad, amene fakitale panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri wakhala redeveloped mu thanki. Boma gulu analipira njira mankhwala mwini. Mwachitsanzo, MTS bwino amawapopa kuchokera chuma m'mudzi. Mu zaka zisanu wa USSR mwachangu zimagulitsidwa tirigu kunja. Trade sanaime ngakhale pa nthawi ya njala minda ndi gulu. The chimaposa kugulitsa mbewu ndi mbewu zina, utsogoleri dziko ntchito pa kupitiriza inapita mafakitale ndi kumanga latsopano asilikali mafakitale zovuta.

The kupambana kwa anthu kutengapo mbali wa chuma pa nthawi yomweyo kwadzetsa mavuto mu ulimi. kwambiri wosanjikiza wofuna anawonongedwa, alimi aluso ndi yogwira pamene watsopano munda kayendedwe zinafuna alibe wamba. Pewani nkhonya kudula ng'ombe miliyoni 26 (45%). Chiwerengero kubwezeretsa zaka 30. Ngakhale latsopano ulimi makina sikuloledwa kwa chochuluka osachepera kufikira nthawi NEP. Chiwerengerochi si akwaniritsa apamwamba ntchito, ndi kuwonjezeka mu acreage.

Merging a boma ndi chipani

Cha m'ma 1930s mu Soviet Union potsiriza anapanga opondereza sosholisimu. Zaka mfundo yimitsira zasintha anthu. Komabe, pachimake kupondereza anadza theka lachiwiri la 1930 ndipo inatha kwakukulukulu chifukwa cha nkhondo zotsatira ndi Germany.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri za ulamuliro wankhanza anali merging wa chipani ndi boma ziwalo - chipani mu ulamuliro wathunthu pa ntchito malamulo ndi bwalo, chipani yokha msonkhano kugwira mwamphamvu munthu mmodzi. Total Stalin anali mafunde angapo kuyeretsa mkati. Nthawi zina, iwo lolunjika pa chipani kapena asilikali, koma wamenya ndi nzika wamba.

Kukonza mu chipani ndi asilikali

Chitsutsocho ikuchitika ndi kusintha dzina mabungwe a chitetezo (NKVD-MGB) kangapo. boma anali kulamulira muzochitika zones za ntchito chikhalidwe ndi moyo, kuchoka masewera ndi luso ndi mfundo. Kuti akonze "mzere umodzi" Stalin zonse ankachitira ndi adani ake mkati chipani. Amenewa anali Bolsheviks a anthu achikulire, amene ankadziwa Mlembi General akadali chosintha oletsedwa. Anthu ngati Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharin ( "Alonda Lenin a") - onse a iwo akhala akuvutika zikusonyeza mayesero, kumene poyera anavomereza opanduka a Mama.

Pachimake cha kupondereza ndi cadres chipani anabwera mu 1937-1938. Pa nthawi yomweyo panali yoyeretsa ya Red Army. lamulo lake lonse kapangidwe anawonongedwa. Stalin adawopa nkhondo, akuganiza alanda mphamvu zake za umunthu. Iye anavutika osati wamkulu, komanso pakati lamulo ndodo. akatswiri oyenerera ndi zimene zinachitikira Civil nkhondo, pafupifupi mbisoweka. Zonsezi linapuwalanso ankhondo, zomwe zaka pang'ono kuyamba nkhondo yake yaikulu.

Tizilombo ndi adani a anthu

Woyamba amasonyeza mayesero, bingu kudutsa dziko, kunachitika mu mochedwa 1920s. Amenewa anali "Shakhty chibwenzi" ndi mayesero a "Party Industrial". Nthawi imeneyi, chitsutsocho akukonza luso ndi zomangamanga akatswiri. Iosif Stalin, nthawi ya ulamuliro wa kumene kunachitika pa nkhani ya ntchito malonda, anali kutikonda kwambiri clichés mokweza ndi zolemba. Amagonjera wake panali mawu amenewa ndi zizindikiro za nyengo monga "tizirombo", "adani a anthu", "cosmopolitans".

Kutembenukira ku kupondereza inayamba mu 1934. Isanafike boma kuti choopa anthu, ndipo tsopano watenga pa mamembala wodziwika bwino phwando. chaka imene yapitayi XVII Congress, lomwe linatchedwa "Congress wa kuwombera pa." Panapita voti kwa latsopano mlembi wamkulu. Stalin anali mpando ndi mavoti, koma ambiri sanagwirizane ndi candidacy wake. Chimunthu yofunika ya Congress onse Sergei Kirov ankaona. Patapita miyezi ingapo, iye anawomberedwa akufa ndi akamakonda antchito chipani Nikolaev mu Smolny. Stalin anagwiritsa ntchito fanizo la womwalirayo wa Kirov, kupanga za izo chizindikiro chopatulika. nkhondo yolimbana ndi opanduka ndi achiwembu analengeza kuti monga tawerenga mabodza, anapha membala zofunika wa chipanichi ndipo uwononga izo.

Panali mokweza zolemba zandale: azungu, Zinoviev, Trotskyists. wothandizila Intelligence "anatsegula" watsopano chinsinsi bungwe, poyesa kuvulaza dziko ndipo chipanichi. ntchito Anti-Union zimachitika anthu osalakwa ndiponso, ngati mwayi kuti agwa pansi ayezi rink makina wankhanza. Mu zaka choyipitsitsa cha mantha mu NKVD ovomerezeka malamulo chiwerengero cha akaidi kunyongedwa, ndi kuti akuluakulu a boma ayenera mwakhama kuchita. Chitsutsocho ikuchitika pansi pa mbendera ya kalasi kulimbana (ndi nkhani yolembedwa ayikidwa patsogolo ndi bwino koposa kukhala yomanga zokomera onse, ndi pachimake m'pamenenso kalasi kulimbana).

Musaiwale kuchita kuyeretsa ndi Stalin okha misonkhano yapadera, amene manja ndi kumulondolera Kuphedwa ambiri ndi mabwalo amilandu. NKVD anapulumuka yokopa angapo amenewa. Pa awo odious ambiri anaphedwa mutu wa Dipatimenti imeneyi - ndi Yagoda, Yezhov. Komanso, boma satenga maso ake a anzeru ndi. Iwo anali ndi olemba, filimu zisudzo (Mandelstam, Babele, Meyerhold), ndipo woyamba, sayansi ndi okonza (Landau, Tupolev, Korolev).

Stalinist sosholisimu itatha imfa ya mtsogoleri mu 1953, kenako ndi Khrushchev m'firiji pamtunda ndi Brezhnev anayamba sosholisimu. Mu USSR, aziona zochitika zosiyanasiyana zoopseza. Khrushchev anayamba kulamulira pa XX Congress wa CPSU anadzudzula mwambo wa umunthu Stalin ndi kupondereza ake. Pansi Brezhnev, chithunzi cha mtsogoleri wa malingaliro boma ankachitira pang'onopang'ono.