The Chitibeta Plateau: kufotokoza, malo enieni nyengo ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

The Chitibeta Plateau - kwambiri yaikulu ya m'mapiri m'dera pa dziko. Nthawi zina amatchedwa "denga la dziko." Ndi Tibet, limene liri theka la m'zaka wotsiriza unali zimachitika palokha ndipo tsopano ali mbali ya China. Chachiwiri dzina lakuti - Dziko la chisanu.

Chitibeta Plateau: location Hrs

Okwera ili ku Central Asia, makamaka China. Mu kumadzulo kwa Chitibeta yachonde m'mphepete mwa Karakoram kumpoto - ndi Kun-Lun, ndi kum'mawa - ndi Sino-Chitibeta mapiri kum'mwera izo likukwaniritsa otchuka HimalayasI. Mu Tibet, pali zinthu zitatu: chapakati ndi kumadzulo (U-Tsang), kumpoto (Amdo), kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera kum'mawa (Kam). Plateau chimakwirira kudera la makilomita lalikulu 2 miliyoni. Kutalika pafupifupi ya Chitibeta Plateau - kuchokera mamita 4 5 zikwi.

mpumulo

M'chigawo chakumpoto ndi mapiri ndi lathyathyathya zigwa ndi mkulu okwera. Kunja kumpoto Tibet akufanana Midlands okha kwambiri m'mwamba. Pali glacial landforms: magalimoto, ufa, moraines. Iwo amayamba pamalo okwera mamita 4500. Pamodzi m'mbali mwa mapiri mapiri ndi otsetsereka, m'zigwa zakuya ndipo m'zigwa. Pafupi ndi Himalaya ndi Sino-Chitibeta mapiri, zigwa za mtundu intermountain mabeseni, kumene Brahmaputra umayenda - mtsinje waukulu. Dera Chitibeta yafupika mamita 2500-3000.

magwero

Himalaya ndi Tibet naye popangidwa ndi subduction wa - kugunda mbale lithospheric. Chitibeta yachonde mapangidwe ndi motere. Indian nsanja Amira pansi pa mbale Asian. Komabe, iye sanapite ku chobvala ndi n'kuyamba horizontally, kwambiri pa mtunda wautali, naukitsa yachonde Chitibeta pa okwera mkulu. Choncho, mpumulo ndi zambiri lathyathyathya.

nyengo

Nyengo yomwe ndi Chitibeta Plateau, nkhanza kwambiri, ankaikira okwera. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mpweya ndi youma, chifukwa yachonde ali oyenerera mwa Africa lapansi. M'madera ambiri mapiri mvula ndi 100-200 mamilimita pa chaka. Kunja kwa mzinda wa millimeters mpaka 500 kum'mwera, kumene mvula kuwomba - 700-1000. Kwenikweni, mpweya kugwa ngati chipale. Chifukwa nyengo imeneyi youma, matalala mzere ndi lalitali kwambiri pa msinkhu wa mamita 6000. Dera lalikulu kwambiri oundana kum'mwera, kumene Kailas ndi Thang. Kumpoto ndi pakati pa kutentha pachaka avareji ranges pakati pa 0 ndi 5 madigiri. Snowless yozizira zimatha nthawi yaitali, pali makumi digiri chisanu. Chilimwe mokwanira ozizira ndi kutentha kwa madigiri 10-15. M'zigwa ndi pafupi kum'mwera nyengo amakhala otentha.

Tibet Plateau ali ndi kutalika kwambiri, choncho mpweya ndi ochepa kwambiri, nkhani zimenezi kumathandiza kuti kusinthasintha lakuthwa kutentha. Usiku m'dera akamazizira, pali amphamvu mphepo m'dera ndi mikuntho fumbi.

madzi kumtunda

Mitsinje ndi nyanja ndi makamaka mapiri ndi kutsekedwa mabeseni, ie, alibe kuda kunja m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja. Ngakhale pa mzinda wa, chogwidwa ndi mvula, ndi chiyambi cha mitsinje ikuluikulu ndi lalikulu. Ndi chiyambi cha Yangtze, Mekong, ndi Yellow mtsinje wa Indus, Salween, Brahmaputra. mitsinje onse awa lalikulu la India ndi China. Mu kumpoto, mphamvu ya utuluke madzi makamaka chifukwa kusungunuka chisanu ndi oundana. Kum'mwera kwambiri anakhudzidwa ndi mvula. Mkati Tibet Plateau mitsinje ndi lathyathyathya chilengedwe, ndipo mkati zitunda pa periphery kungakhale yovuta kwambiri ndipo wotchera, zigwa zawo, m'malo ofanana gorge lapansi. M'chilimwe pali chigumula cha mitsinje, m'nyengo yozizira iwo amaundana.

nyanja ambiri mu Chitibeta Plateau zili pamalo okwera mamita 4500 ndi 5300. anachokera ndi tectonic. Chachikulu kwa iwo; Seling, Namtso, Dangrayum. Ambiri mwa nyanja ndi losaya kuya, otsika gombe. Madzi mu iwo ali okhutira osiyana mchere, mitundu ndi mithunzi ya kalirole madzi zimasiyana zofiirira ndi miyala ya nofeki. Mu November, iwo kumvetsa ayezi, madzi ndi mazira mpaka May.

zomera

The Chitibeta Plateau ali wotanganidwa steppes makamaka ya kumapiri ndi zipululu. M'madera ambiri mwa zomera chivundikiro palibe, pali miyala ndi mwala ufumu. Ngakhale kunja kwa mzinda wa mapiri pali zachonde ndi dothi phiri dambo.

Mu chipululu mkulu zomera ndi kungokhala pamodzimodzi. Zitsamba Chitibeta Plateau: chowawa, acantholimons, astragalus, Saussure. Zitsamba: ephedra, eurotia, tanacetum.

Mu kumpoto, ndere ambiri ndi lichens. Kodi tebulo madzi ali pafupi ndi pamwamba, pali dambo zomera (sedge, thonje udzu, bulrush, cobresia).

Kummawa ndi kum'mwera kwa Chitibeta Plateau mvula ukuwonjezeka, zikhalidwe kukhala yabwino kwambiri, ndi malamba mkulu. Ngati pamwamba pa phiri chimakhala chogwidwa ndi chipululu, pansi pa phiri steppe (nthenga udzu, fescue, bluegrass). Mu zigwa za mitsinje ikuluikulu kukula zitsamba (mlombwa, Caragana, rhododendron). Apa pali nkhalango riparian wa misondodzi msondodzi, Turangi.

dziko nyama

Mu Chitibeta Plateau kumpoto ungulates moyo; yaks, antelopes, argali, mphalapala Chitibeta ndi hade, Kiang keke-Yaman. Anagwira hares, pikas ndi voles. Pali ogwirira: chimbalangondo-pischuhoed, nkhandwe, nkhandwe, Takao. The mbalame zotsatirazi moyo apa: mbalame, matalala partridge, Sitimayo inagunda mchenga grouse. Pali zolusa: Sitimayo inagunda a Nsomba Mphungu ndi Himalaya muimba.

History of Tibet Association

Qiang mafuko (makolo a anthu Chitibeta) asamukira m'dera la mapiri Kukunor m'nthawi 6-5 BC. Mu 7 m'ma AD, anasamukira ku ulimi, nthawi yomweyo akuswa wosazindikira dongosolo limodzi. mafuko Chitibeta ogwirizana Namri - mkulu wa Yarlung. Ndi mwana wake, ndi wolowa Srontszangambo akuyamba alipo Chitibeta Ufumu (7-9 m'ma).

M'chaka 787 chipembedzo boma la Chibuda. Langdarma nthawi ya ulamuliro wa otsatira ake anayamba kuzunzidwa. Pambuyo pa imfa ya mkulu wa boma lagawidwa maukulu osiyana. Mu zaka 11-12 pali kuoneka achipembedzo magulu ambiri Chibuda anamanga mchitidwe umenewu, yaikulu imene tikhale udindo wa limati palokha m'gulu la Yehova.

M'zaka za m'ma 13, Tibet, imagwera mchikakamizo cha ku Mongolia, ubale atayika atagwa pa Mafumu n'chokwana. Kuyambira 14 mpaka cha m'ma 17 pali kulimbana kwa mphamvu. Mmonke Tszonkaba bungwe latsopano Chibuda mpatuko Gelukba, m'zaka za m'ma 16, mutu wa mpatuko limene analandira udindo wa wotchedwa Dalai Lama. M'zaka za m'ma 17, wachisanu wotchedwa Dalai Lama ali anapempha chithandizo kwa Oirat Khan Kukunor. Mu 1642, mdani - mfumu ya dera Tsang - anawonongedwa. Gelukba mpatuko ayamba kulamulila mu Tibet, ndi wotchedwa Dalai Lama anakhala mutu wa uzimu ndi wathupi wa dziko.

mbiri zina

Pofika m'ma 18 kum'mawa ndi kumpoto cha kum'mawa kwa Tibet ndi mbali ya Qin Ufumu. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma ndipo imvera zina boma. Mphamvu anakhalabe m'manja mwa wotchedwa Dalai Lama, koma pansi pa ulamuliro wa khoti Qing. M'zaka za m'ma 19 British litalanda Tibet mu 1904, asilikali adalowa Lhasa. mgwirizano yosainidwa ndi UK chilolezo ku Tibet.

Izo zinasokoneza boma Russian, ndi Britain anasaina mgwirizano pa kusamala ndi kulemekeza Kupititsa kukhulupirika kwa Tibet. Mu 1911 panali Han Xin-zisinthe, imene asilikali onse Chinese atulutsidwa Tibet. M'tsogolo, wotchedwa Dalai Lama analengeza kuchotsa kugwirizana ndi Beijing. Koma Tibet akhala amphamvu English chikoka. Nkhondo yachiwiri itatha, mphamvu US ndi adamulowetsa pano. Mu 1949, boma ananena ufulu wa Tibet. China amaonedwa monga separatism. Iwo anayamba kuyenda ndi anthu Kutulutsidwa Army ku Tibet mbali. Mu 1951, boma analandira udindo wa kudziyimira pawokha dziko mkati China. Patatha zaka 8 kugalukira nayambanso, ndipo wotchedwa Dalai Lama anakakamizidwa mu kubisala mu India. Mu 1965, ndi Tibet Autonomous Region unakhazikitsidwa pano. Pambuyo pake, boma Chinese ikuchitika mndandanda wa repressions ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo.

Kodi Chibuda ku Tibet

Malowedwe a Chibuda ku Tibet enmeshed zinsinsi ndi nthano. Boma pa nthawi imeneyo anali ndi mphamvu. Malinga ndi nthano, Tibetans anaphunzira za Chibuda chifukwa cha chozizwitsa zikuchitika. Pamene malamulo Mfumu Lhatotori yaing'ono bokosi lamaliro anagwa kuchokera kumwamba. Zinali lemba Karandavyuha sutras. Zikomo kuti lemba limeneli, boma anachuluka, mfumu ankaganiza kuti mthandizi wake chinsinsi.

Woyamba wa mafumu Chitibeta Dharma anali Srontszangambo kenako ankaona chimake cha woyang'anira Tibet a - za bodhisattva Avalokitesvara. Anakwatira mafumu awiri, wina anali ku Nepal, ena - kuchokera ku China. Onse anabweretsa malemba Chibuda ndipo zinthu kulambira. Chinese kalonga anabweretsa lalikulu Buddha fano, amene ankaona chidina waukulu Tibet. Mwambo wolemekeza azimayi awiriwa monga thupi la Tara - wobiriwira ndi woyera.

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 8, anaitanidwa kuti azilalikira Shantarakshita wotchuka nzeru zapamwamba, amene mwamsanga anakhazikitsa woyamba amonke ya Abuda.