The katundu zoyambirira za choonadi nthanthi

Nkhani imeneyi chapakati ndi dongosolo la chidziwitso aumunthu. Mazana a asayansi anayesetsa kudziwa mbali yaikulu ya choonadi. Otchulidwa nzeru ndi zosiyana: ena a iwo inayambira ku Zochita kale, ena ukasintha zotsutsana.

The tanthauzo chakale choonadi cha chidziwitso

Lingaliro la choonadi pa moyo akhoza chiti matanthauzo osiyana, koma sayansi monga bwino, koposa zonse, mogwirizana ndi chiweruzo cha cholinga chenicheni. Ponena za katundu yeniyeni zinthu ndi zochitika zenizeni, ndiye muyenera chindunji, yolumikizana mawu ndi zinthu za dziko zakuthupi.

Zimenezi choonadi ku ziphunzitso za Aristotle. Koma ngati mukhoza chilamulira chikhalidwe chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakuthupi zomwe zimapezeka nthawi ndi malo, ndi chikhalidwe yabwino mfundo zomveka? Polingalira kutsutsana izi nzeru, ndi malingaliro atsopano pa mfundo za choonadi.

maganizo zina pa katundu wa choonadi

Wina njira amenewa ndi awa: methodologically zolondola zifukwa mawu okha ndi mawu ena. Nzeru za anthu, pali otchedwa coherent lingaliro, chimene muyeso wa choonadi zitha kutumikira zofanana ziganizo mkati chiweruzo. Komabe, njira imeneyi sabwerera nzeru zapamwamba ku dziko zakuthupi.

Immanuel Kant ankakhulupirira kuti makhalidwe chachikulu cha choonadi - ichi ndi lonse ndi kufunika, kugwirizana kwa maganizo ndi chimodzimodzi ndekha. Magwero a chidziwitso mokomera nzeru zapamwamba si cholinga chenicheni, koma chidziwitso zolemba mu malo a munthu.

The French wasayansi Mnazareti Dekart zingakhale muyezo wa choonadi cha chidziwitso chake umboni. asayansi ena, monga Max ndi Averanius, Pamilunguyo mfundo za lumo Occam a , ndipo anapereka monga makhalidwe yaikulu ya chuma chenicheni amaganizira.

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha pragmatism, akaniza lokha chiphunzitso coherent mfundo tinganene kuti woona ngati wa phindu. mamembala ake ali American nzeru ena Charlz Pirs ndi Uilyam Dzhems. A chitsanzo chapadera cha cholinga cha chikhalidwe cha choonadi ndi maganizo a wakale Greek wasayansi Ptolemy. Iwo anapereka chitsanzo cha dziko, logwirizana ndi njira zikuoneka, osati zimene kwenikweni. Koma ngakhale izi, izo wabweretsa ndithu phindu. Mothandizidwa ndi mapu Ptolemy molondola akulosera zochitika zosiyanasiyana zakuthambo.

Zinali zoona ndiye amayang'ana katswiri wakale? Yankho la funso limeneli kwapatsidwa mwa chiphunzitso otchedwa imadalira. Mwayekha zotsutsana maweruzo zimatere - choncho anati lingaliro ili.

chiphunzitso china - chuma - akutanthauzira zenizeni cholinga ngati alipo mosadalira munthu, choncho, mu mbali yake yaikulu mfundo za choonadi - ndi adequacy ndi kugwilizana ndi chinyezimiro cha zinthu ndi zochitika za dziko lenileni.

Kodi kudzifunsa mafunso awa tsopano? Nanga ndi chuma cha choonadi cholinga tsopano?

zomveka kugwirizana

muyezo Izi choonadi ali chiyambi chake mu lingaliro coherent. chikhalidwe Izi ndi zofunika Komabe, kuzindikira za chiphunzitso cholondola chiyenera monga katundu ena a choonadi. Kudziwa zinthu kukhala okhazikika, koma sizitanthauza kuti si zonama.

Pragmatism, kapena kuichita

Dialectical chuma amaika patsogolo muyeso zotsatirazi choonadi cha nzeru; applicability ake kuchita. Nthanthi Musatenge ndi wosafunika, iwo amakonzedwa mwa munthu, osati kuti akadzaze laibulale. Kudziŵa zinthu zofunika kuti iwo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwenikweni. Zochita apeze mgwirizano wa maganizo ndi zochita za chinthu.

kulunjika

Kenako choonadi katundu. Kumatanthauza kuti akufunazo ena m'kati nkhani zina, amaganizira zinthu zenizeni. chinthu chilichonse cha dziko chuma ali ndi nambala inayake ya katundu inayake ndipo m'gulu maofesi ena. Choncho n'zosatheka kuti chiweruzo popanda zinthu zimenezi.

verifiability

muyezo wina wa choonadi ndi mwayi kuyesa empirically. Mu sayansi, pali mfundo za yotsimikiza ndi falsification. Woyamba akunena kuti njira imene chidziwitso cha choonadi udzakhazikitsidwe kudzera zambiri, ndiko kuti, wazotsatira kuyezetsa. Falsification - ndondomeko ya kulingalira imene tingadziwire za Bodza wa nkhani yolembedwa kapena chiphunzitso.

Mtheradi ndi wachibale

Philosophy chimasiyanitsa mitundu iwiri ya choonadi: mtheradi ndi wachibale. Woyamba ndi chidziwitso chokwanira cha nkhani, amene sakhoza limatsutsa mudziwe zambiri. Zitsanzo Common wa choonadi chenicheni ndi zokhazikika thupi, masiku mbiri. Komabe, mtundu sinafike chidziwitso.

Mtundu chachiwiri - choonadi wachibale - akhoza muli zigawo mtheradi, koma ayenera umboni. Mwachitsanzo, a mtundu uwu wa thupi zokhudza chikhalidwe cha nkhaniyi.

Tikumbukenso kuti kudziwa zinthu komanso kukhala wabodza. Komabe, tiyenera kukhala osiyana ndi zolakwa onyenga kapena zolakwika inadvertent la chiweruzo. Wachibale choonadi anyamula mtundu wa kupotozedwa. Katundu ndi muyezo wa choonadi kupewa zolakwa zoterozo: ziyenera kuthandiza iwo kudziwa adapindulapo.

sayansi ndi zoona, ndi gulu choonadi Mtheradi kwa wachibale, ndi ndondomeko iyi sangakhoze konse kutha mpaka kumapeto.

Kudziwa

Pomaliza, wina wa katundu wofunika kwambiri choonadi Kudziwa kapena ufulu wa zili nkhani sakuyembekezera. Koma choonadi ikuphatikizapo cholinga ndi m'maganizo, chifukwa iye yekha kulibe mobisika ndi kuzunza anthu. Iwo ali mawonekedwe a m'maganizo, koma zili ndi cholinga. Chitsanzo zofotokoza choonadi cha muyezo cholinga atha kutumikira ngati mawu, "Dziko lapansi ndi lozungulira." kudziwa ichi chapatsidwa ndi chinthu ndi ikuchoka mwachindunji katundu wake.

Kotero, i yosiyana ndi katundu zoyambirira za choonadi. Social sayansi, nzeru, njira sayansi - awa ndi malo pamene wapeza ntchito mbali iyi epistemology.