The mphamvu mkati mwa mafuta

Monga amadziwika, aliyense thupi yake yapadera kapangidwe amene anatsimikiza ndi mankhwala ake kapangidwe dongosolo. Choncho, particles kupanga dongosolo ndi mafoni, iwo kucheza ndi mzake ndi Choncho, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu mkati. The zolimba particles mauthenga zomwe zimapanga thupi kapangidwe, wamphamvu, kotero awo mogwirizana ndi particles amapanga kapangidwe ka ena matupi zovuta.

mosiyana, izo zimawoneka mu zakumwa kapena mpweya, kumene nsinga maselo ali ofooka, koma chifukwa mamolekyulu akhoza kusuntha momasuka zokwanira kucheza ndi particles ndi zinthu zina. Pankhaniyi Mwachitsanzo, kuwonetsera solubility katundu.

Choncho, mphamvu mkati mwa mafuta ndi chizindikiro chimene Mzimuyo boma la mpweyawu i.e. mphamvu matenthedwe kayendedwe izo microparticles amene zinthu mamolekyulu, maatomu, mtima ndi zina zotero. D. Komanso, lingaliro ili limafotokoza mphamvu ndi anzake awo.

Mu tinganene molekyulu ndi boma limodzi ndi mphamvu ina mkati mwa mafuta amene chilinganizo - Wu = dQ - Dan - chikusonyeza ndondomeko kusintha mphamvu ili mkati. Izo chifukwa kwenikweni kuoneka kachitidwe, izo nthawizonse yodziwika ndi kusiyana kufunika kwake pa chiyambi ndi chitsiriziro cha kusintha kwa molekyulu ndi boma wina ndi mzake. Njira ya kusintha pa nthawi yomweyo, ndiko kuti, phindu lake zilibe kanthu. mfundo imeneyi motere mapeto zofunika uliri zodabwitsazi - mphamvu mkati mwa mafuta anatsimikiza potsatira chizindikiro mpweya kutentha ndipo sikudalira mfundo voliyumu yake. Pakuti kusanthula masamu a kafukufukuyu ndi zofunika m'njira yakuti mwachindunji kuyeza ukulu wa mphamvu mkati sizingatheke ndipo zingadziŵike mwa masamu kugonjera yekha kusintha zake (zonse tiwerenga ndi kukhalapo kwa chilinganizo khalidwe - W).

Pakuti zinthu za thupi za mphamvu mkati poyera kuti zazikulu (kusintha) kokha pamene mogwirizana kwa matupi awa ndi matupi ena. Pankhaniyi, pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zimene kusintha ntchito (pamene mwachita ndi mikangano, zimakhudza, psinjika ndi zina zotero) ndi kusintha kutentha. Yotsirizira njira - kutentha kutengerapo -otrazhaet mphamvu ya kusintha mu mphamvu mkati mu nthawi imene ntchito si anachita, ndi mphamvu imafalikira, mwachitsanzo, matupi ndi matupi apamwamba kutentha ndi ang'onoang'ono kufunika kwake.

Pankhaniyi, kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu ya kutentha monga:

• matenthedwe madutsidwe (mwachindunji mphamvu kuwombola particles amene amachita zoyenda mwachisawawa);
• convection (utuluke mphamvu mpweya mkati ndi anasamutsidwa);
• cheza (mphamvu anasamutsa mwa mafunde mu atomu).

Zonsezi zimachititsa akuzindikiridwa ndi lamulo la kusamala mphamvu. Ngati chilamulo ichi imatengedwa poyerekezera ndi njira thermodynamic kunachitika mipweya, akhoza anakonza motere: mphamvu mkati mwa gasi weniweni, - kapena kani, kusintha kwake, akuimira chiwerengero cha kutentha anasamutsidwa kuti izo ku magwero kunja ndi nchito, imene inali anachita pa mpweya.

Ngati tikambirana chilamulo ichi (lamulo loyamba yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe) chifukwa ndi mafuta abwino, tikhoza kuona chitsanzo zotsatirazi. Mu ndondomekoyi, kutentha sichitha (ndondomeko isothermal), mphamvu mkati ndi nthawi zonse.

Mwa ndondomeko isobaric, zomwe kusintha khalidwe mu kutentha mpweya, kuonjezera, kuchepa, kumabweretsa motero ndi kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa kwa mphamvu mkati ndi kuchita ntchito mpweya. zodabwitsazi Mwachitsanzo, umaonetsa mpweya kuwonjezeka pa Kutentha ndi luso ngati mpweya kuyendetsa aggregates ndi nthunzi.

Mukamakambirana ndondomeko isochoric, mmene chizindikiro cha buku ake sichitha, mphamvu mkati mpweya ndi kusinthidwa ngati mchikakamizo cha kuchuluka kwa kutentha opatsirana.

Pali ndondomeko adiabatic amene ali achilendo kwa pakalibe kuwombola mpweya ndi zinthu kunja. Pankhaniyi, mtengo wa mphamvu yake mkati yafupika, choncho - mpweya akamazizira.