The mtanda tione khoti: lingaliro, mitundu, machenjelero

Kufunsidwa wa procedural njira yaikulu umboni pa mlandu. Khalidwe lake skilful zimadalira kumbali ndi zotuluka pa chisankho. Kusiyanitsa mwachindunji ndi mtanda bwinobwino. Yotsirizira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu dongosolo achingelezi malamulo. Kutheka kwa ntchito yake mu malamulo Russian amapereka Kuthi boma ndi chigamulo, nkhani zokhudza kuyan'anila utsogoleri. Komabe, Chofunika kwambiri ndi mtanda tione Kuthi chigawenga.

Tanthauzo la mtanda bwinobwino

Mu Russian malamulo amakono enshrined mfundo mtanda bwinobwino. Chotero tanthauzo sachitira kuchita lamulo lililonse. Komabe, mabuku a zamalamulo, monga Arotsker Le, Grishin, SP, Aleksandrov A. S. anadzipereka pa maphunziro ake a zodabwitsazi ndi ntchito zake Kuthi zoweta.

Mu kafukufuku wa sayansi pali osiyana tanthauzo. Mwachitsanzo, ena olemba ndikukhulupirira kuti izi ndi ndondomeko mtanda kufunsidwa ndi zomwe ophunzira mafunso imodzi kwa munthu mmodzi pa chochitika chimodzimodzi. Ena, kutsatira chitsanzo cha malamulo Western, pansi mtanda bwinobwino kumvetsa zotsatira molunjika ndi kukhala mbali ina.

Chifukwa cha nkhaniyi analandira tanthauzo Aleksandrova A. S. Grishina SP, chimene mtanda tione kuona yovomerezedwa munthu amene umboni ntchito ndi gulu chowawa ngati umboni.

Zizindikiro za mtanda bwinobwino

Mosiyana kutsogolera mtundu uwu kufunsidwa ndi malamulo okha, musati ntchito kufufuza Pre-mayesero. Kumaonetsa akamanena za yesero zamakono - Kuyanjana pakathi pa zipani. Pankhaniyi, mtanda bwinobwino ikuchitika yekha ndi maphwando ndi bwalo akufunsa yekha kukambirana mafunso.

akamafunsa zimenezi ali wamkulu mphamvu zokopa kwa bwalo ndi loweruza poyerekeza kutsogolera, chifukwa mafunso amafunsidwa ndi mbali ina.

Cross bwinobwino inayenera kukhala pa dzanja lamanja, kotero sekondale mu chirengedwe. Izi zimathandiza kulongosolera umboni, kupeza umboni ndi zofooka ndipo pamapeto Cholinga kuonetsetsa kuti anatsutsa mawu a interviewee lapansi.

Alili yachiwiri ya mtanda bwinobwino akhale nkhani yake yeniyeni - izo, monga ulamuliro, maziko womuyenerera ndi amvetse kapena kutsutsa kale mu njira ya Kupenda mwachindunji mauthenga

akamafunsa zimenezi ndi sizimadziwika, kotero loya m'pofunika kuti mosamalitsa kulamulira ndondomeko lonse ndi mayankho a mafunso.

mitundu

N'kulakwa kukhulupirira kuti mtanda tione bwalo ntchito kwa mboni. Iye akhoza pansi munthu aliyense Mufunsidwe. Malinga ndi Code, tingasiyanitsire mitundu ya mtanda bwinobwino malingana procedural udindo mafunso: wozengedwa kufunsidwa (item 275 Code.) Anasokonezeka (item 277 Code.) Umboni (item 278 Code.) Katswiri (Art. 282 Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba). Pankhaniyi, loya mtanda bwinobwino tidzakambirana ngati mboni mlandu mafunso ndipo akatswiri chitetezo. Chokaniora mtanda kupenda atavutika, mboni ndi akatswiri a boma.

mtanda kupenda zolinga

Loya iyenera kukhala yomveka bwino za cholinga akufuna kukwaniritsa pogwiritsa njirayi. Cholinga chachikulu cha kufunsidwa aliyense ndi kukhazikitsa mfundo zosasintha. Komabe, ndi mtanda bwinobwino mungathe:

• kupeza umboni zoyenerazi;
• kupanga bwalo kukayikira umboni wa interviewee ya;
• kupanga bwalo kukayikira kudalirika kwa mboni, mu kulankhula kwina, "asamakhulupirire" Iye;
• ntchito umboni kuthandiza kapena kufooketsa udindo wa mboni zina.

Ngati pokonza ndondomeko ya ntchitoyo, loya amadziwa kuti palibe ukugunda pa mtanda bwinobwino ndi bwino kuisiya.

Zofunika mafunso ofunsidwawo

M'pofunika kuunikila kusiyana ofunika machenjerero a mtanda tione machitidwe Russian ndi achingelezi malamulo. Mu US, ankagwiritsa ntchito mafunso kutsogolera mu mtanda bwinobwino (pamene iwo moyo M'malo mwake, ndikoletsedwa). Kulola loya kuganizira bwalo ndi loweruza nkhani yabwino kwa chitetezo ya. Mu Russia, h. 1 tbsp. 275 Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba momveka bwino za inadmissibility mafunso kutsogolera mafunso a wozengedwayu. Si choletsedwa kufunsa mboni zawo, akatswiri akuvutika amene kufunsidwa m'njira zotchulidwa Art. 278, 278,1 ndi 282 wa Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti tanthauzo la funso kutsogolera mu malamulo Russian komanso si sizinatchulidwe. Zochita milandu ndi mabuku apadera pali formulations osiyanasiyana lingaliro ili. Analysis mchitidwewu milandu limasonyeza kuti kudzakhala mafunso ayi, zomwe kudziwa katswiri mfundo kapena kubwereza mayankho a mafunso kale. Choncho ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa mafunso kutsogolera ndi kukambirana.

Pa lonse, zofunika wamkulu chiphunzitso cha mafunso motere:

• Iwo ayenera kukhala achidule ndi momveka, popanda ambiguity uliwonse;
• mafunso ayenera anafunsa mwachindunji, osati kungotchula;
• iwo ayenera kuganiza yankho zofunikila;
• mawu a funso zogwirizana ndi mlingo wa interviewee ya;
• mayankho sayenera zochokera maganizo.

mfundo za kufunsidwa loya

Onse anafunsa mafunso loya ndikofunikira kugwira ntchito yokonza kupereka amadza anakhumba pa bwalo.

Pa mlandu, si koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mawu apadera. mboni anaitanidwa ndi akatswiri ayenera kupewa mawu kwambiri luso lapadera kwa iwo anali kudziwa bwinobwino ku bwalo ndi loweruza.

Mawu ofunika kwambiri ziyenera kuchitika pa chiyambi kapena akamaliza kanthu choipa.

Ngati mu njira ya mtanda bwinobwino ndi loya panali kufunika kupempha umboni funso, kale kuzionetsetsa mwachindunji, ayenera choyamba funani chilolezo kwa woweruza wotsogolera.

Pa kufunsidwa ndi, loya angathe kufunsa mafunso koma osati ndemanga kapena kuunikira mfundo. maganizo awo ndi zochita za kumbuyo, azitha m'mawu ake, malinga ndi Para. 292 Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba.

The ndondomeko ya kuchititsa Kupenda mwachindunji ndi malangizo

Kusiyanitsa maonekedwe a loya khalidwe mwachindunji ndi mtanda bwinobwino. Ndi kumanga moyenera Kupenda mwachindunji, khoti ayenera bwinobwino njira ya zochitika.

Pankhaniyi, loya ayenera kupatukana nkhani m'magulu 4. Poyamba, pali chizindikiritso kapena kuvomerezeka la mboni kapena katswiri ndiyo anapereka mfundo wake (malo okhala, malo a ntchito, ziyeneretso katswiri).

Ndiye loya kufunsa mafunso kudziwa malo kanthu, nthawi ndi zinthu zochitika, amene amachitira umboni. The mayankho interviewee limasonyeza kuti amadziŵa ndi kudziwa zanchito. Ntchito loya - Kuonetsetsa kudalirika kwa mboni bwalo ndi loweruza.

Komanso pali zizindikiro za zinayendera. Iwo si nthawi zonse kuti mumve. nkhani zikuluzikulu zotengera zikuluzikulu zikhulupiriro kupirira mpaka chiyambi kapena mapeto a umboni.

Pomaliza, malizitsani kuona mwachindunji mafunso atatu kapena anayi, mwachidule umboni wonse wa mboni kapena katswiri.

Kufunika kwa mtanda bwinobwino

Pankhani mtanda tione bwalo, wachilamulo mu malo oyamba m'pofunika kaye ngati pakufunika konse.

Ngati umboni maumboni anali moperewera ndipo sanaphedwe zofuna za wotsutsana pa mtanda bwinobwino ayenera kuchotsedwa. Pankhaniyi, umboni watsopano akhoza kuvutika zinthu.

Cross-tione wolungamitsidwa pokhapokha ngati umboni ingatithandize kudziwa zina zofunika. Pamene kuthekera aliko kuti umboni kuchita zabwino kuposa zoipa.

Njira kukwaniritsa zolinga mtanda bwinobwino

Kusokoneza yonena za bwalo kuti umboni kapena katswiri, loya akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zotsatirazi:

• zopezeka mu umboni wa kukokomeza kapena kukhota, monga zosemphana umboni wina mu choncho;
• kupanga bwalo kukayikira umphumphu wa mboni, ziyeneretso akatswiri a katswiri;
• amasonyeza kulephera kapena kusowa mfundo zenizeni chili mu umboni;
• kawakakamizeni bwalo kukayikira ngati umboni amatha kupereka umboni cholinga mfundo zogwirizana;
• kusonyeza kuti katswiri analibe umboni wokwanira ndi zipangizo kupanga amanenera.

Njira kuchititsa mtanda bwinobwino

Yaikulu mchitidwe Western chasanduka njira zambiri za mtanda bwinobwino. Nawa ena mwa iwo:

• Kuti asamakhulupirire loya umboni wa limatitsimikizira kuti interviewee sindimakhoza kumva ndi kuona zimene mfundo umboni. Mwachitsanzo, iye anali kutali ndi malo a zochitika, kuyatsa sanali okwanira, panjira pali zopinga, ndi zina zotero. D.
• njira ina - moganizira umboni mfundo zazing'ono ndi kukumbukira kuti asonyeze momwe ntchito zambiri zopangidwa umboni mu nthawi yochepa pa nthawi zotchulidwa. Cholinga cha mafunso - kubweretsa khoti ananena kuti umboni sankatha kukumbukira mfundo yofunika kwambiri kwa nthawi yochepa. Mwachitsanzo, kuba wovulalayo mu sitolo analibe nthawi kuganizira nkhope amene wamuphayo, monga pa nthawi iyi maso ake anauzidwa pa zida, zovala kapena zamtengo wapatali.
• Ngati zinthu amanenedwa kale, loya angakayikire umboni, monga Ndime ya nthawi, anthu amakonda sangathe ndendende kumene, pamene ndi amene iwo akhala, ngati sizikuwakhudza chochitika zapadera (ukwati, tsiku lobadwa).
• Nthawi zina loya akhoza kuimba mfundo yakuti umboni si olondola kapena chidwi ndi ndondomeko zotsatira.
• Ngati mlanduwu umboni umboni kuti osiyana ndi anthu amene anapereka pa kufufuza kuyambirira, loya akhoza anatsutsa zoti awo.

Bungwe la Bar

Classic F. L. Vellman m'buku lake limapereka malangizo otsatirawa kwa achilamulo kuchita mtanda bwinobwino:

• kusata patsogolo kuona mwachindunji ndi kuyang'ana "zofooka" mu umboni wa munthu kufunsidwa;
• kuimira nokha mu malo loweruza nthawi iliyonse funso linafunsidwa kuyang'ana pa zinthu maso awo;
• kufunsa mafunso ndi cholinga chapadera, kupewa mafunso kanthu, chifukwa mafunso anafunsa awkwardly woipa kuposa akusowa;
• konse molakwika mawu a mboni - amachepetsa yonena za loya pamaso pa bwalo ndi loweruza;
• kuganizira umboni zazing'ono umboni wa mboni amene angakhoze kuchitira umboni kwa chisangalalo cha kufunsidwa kapena kukumbukira zoipa;
• konse kufunsa mafunso ofunika popanda nthaka chisanadze okonzeka pamaso pa mfundo za interviewee sakanakhoza kuzikana izo;
• kufunsa funso ngati loya akudziwa yankho.

Choncho, mwaluso mtanda bwinobwino akhoza kukhala zoopsa chida loya mu Kuthi bwalo.