Zikuchokera, zigawo, kapangidwe ndi katundu wa chipolopolo lapansi malo osiyanasiyana

Zikayenda m'munda wa seismology anapatsa anthu odziwa zambiri za Dziko Lapansi ndi zigawo umene analemba. Aliyense wosanjikiza ali katundu yake, kapangidwe ndi makhalidwe amene amakhudza njira zofunika dziko. The zikuchokera, kapangidwe ndi katundu anatsimikiza ndi malo osiyanasiyana chipolopolo zigawo zikuluzikulu.

Choimira Earth panthawi zosiyanasiyana

Kuyambira kale, anthu akhala akuyesetsa kumvetsa mapangidwe ndi zikuchokera Dziko Lapansi. The mfundo oyambirira anali mwangwiro chikhalidwe si sayansi mu mawonekedwe a nthano kapena nthano achipembedzo zokhudza milungu. M'nthawi ya kale Zapakati panali ziphunzitso zingapo za chiyambi cha dziko ndi zikuchokera yake. Chiphunzitso wamkulu ndi dziko lapansi mu mawonekedwe a dera lathyathyathya kapena kyubu. Kale mu 6 m'ma BC, Agiriki anayamba kukanganira kuti dziko lapansi ndi kwenikweni kuzungulira ndi wapangidwa ndi mchere ndi zitsulo. kopanda anapangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 16, Edmund Halley kuti Earth tichipeza muzochitika concentric, ndipo mkati ndi dzenje. Mu zaka za m'ma 19, migodi ndi mafakitale chinachititsa kuti mofulumira sayansi dziko lapansi. Anapeza kuti thanthwe formations imakonzedwa kuti mapangidwe awo mu nthawi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Akatswiriwa ndi naturalists anayamba kuzindikira kuti nthawi ya mafupawa akhoza anatsimikiza ku mfundo za miyala ya view.

Investigation wa mankhwala ndi miyala zikuchokera

Kapangidwe ndi katundu wa chipolopolo chirengedwe isiyana ndi zigawo zina mwa mankhwala ndi miyala dongosolo, ndipo pali kusiyana kwakukulu kutentha ndi anzawo. kumvetsa sayansi ya kapangidwe mkati mwa Earth zochokera inferences anapanga kudzera mwa polojekiti zivomerezi, pamodzi ndi miyezo ya minda yokoka ndi maginito. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 20, chitukuko cha radiometric chibwenzi, ponena kudziwa zaka za mchere ndi matanthwe, kunapangitsa kuti alandire deta yolondola wandimomwene m'badwo wa Dziko Lapansi, amene ali biliyoni 4-4.5 zaka. Chitukuko cha njira zamakono migodi ndiponso zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, komanso kuzindikira kufunika kwa mchere ndi kugawa awo achilengedwe zachititsa kuti kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha nthaka ano, kuphatikizapo kudziwa zimene zigawo ndi mbali ya envelopu Hrs a Dziko Lapansi.

Kapangidwe ndi katundu wa envelopu malo osiyanasiyana

Geosfera zikuphatikizapo hydrosphere, likumira pafupifupi khumi makilomita kuya pamwamba pa nyanja, ndi kutumphuka wa mlengalenga, anakafika ndi kutalika kwa pafupifupi 30. Mtunda kwambiri chipolopolo zimasiyanasiyana makilomita makumi anai. wosanjikiza Izi kuvutika ndi njira onse apadziko ndi dziko. Zinthu zopezeka m'madera atatu thupi, ndipo mungakhale ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono pulayimale monga ma atomu, ayoni ndi tinthu koma mulinso zina nyumba zambiri multicomponent. Kapangidwe ka chipolopolo malo osiyanasiyana nthawi sankaoneka ngati gulu la zochitika zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe. Zigawo chirengedwe envelopu ankayimiridwa ngati miyala mu dziko lapansi kutumphuka, mpweya, madzi, nthaka ndi biogeocoenoses.

mbali khalidwe la geosphere ndi

Kapangidwe ndi katundu wa chipolopolo chirengedwe kutanthauza angapo makhalidwe ofunika. Awa: wokhulupirika, mkombero wa nkhaniyi, kayimbidwe kotani ndi chitukuko zonse.

1. chokonda anatsimikiza ndi zotsatira za kagayidwe kupitirirabe ndi mphamvu, ndi kuphatikiza zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse kulumikiza iwo m'nkhaniyo Bakuman kumene kusintha kwa aliyense wa kulumikizana kungayambitse kusintha lonse ena onse.
2. Segmented chipolopolo amakhala ndi munthu ozungulira kufalitsidwa nkhani, monga mumlengalenga ndi nyanja makope mafunde pamwamba. njira zambiri zovuta ndi limodzi mwa kusintha zikuchokera akaphatikiza wa nkhani (madzi amayendera). Mu m'zinthu zina ndi mankhwala kusintha kwa nkhaniyi, kapena otchedwa mkombero kwachilengedwenso.
3. Mbali ina ya chipolopolo ndi mungoli ake, ndiko kuti, kubwerezabwereza mu nthawi ya njira zosiyanasiyana ndi zochitika. Ndi chifukwa ambiri mwa chifuniro cha mphamvu zakuthambo ndi miyala. Pali maola 24 kaimbidwe (usana ndi usiku), kaimbidwe pachaka (nyengo), kaimbidwe zikuchitika kwa zaka (mwachitsanzo, wa zaka 30 m'zinthu zimene pali yofanana mu nyengo oundana, milingo nyanja ndi buku la mitsinje). Pali ngakhale kaimbidwe zikuchitika kwa zaka (mwachitsanzo, alternating magawo a ozizira ndi chinyezi nyengo ndi gawo otentha ndi youma, zikuchitika kamodzi mu zaka 1800-1900). kaimbidwe Geological zikhoza kwa zaka 200 miliyoni 240, ndi zina zotero.
4. Kapangidwe ndi katundu wa chipolopolo chirengedwe zokhudza chitukuko mosalekeza.

chitukuko mosalekeza

Pali zina zimene zili zotsatira ndi chitukuko mosalekeza. Choyamba, pali gulu m'dera la maiko, nyanja ndi nyanja. Pa kusiyana ndi maganizo dongosolo okhudza malo dongosolo Hrs, kuphatikizapo zonation malo osiyanasiyana ndi altitudinal. Chachiwiri, pali asymmetry kumalo ozizira akuwonetseredwa mu kukhalapo kusiyana yokulirapo la kumpoto ndi kum'mwera hemispheres. Izi anawonetseredwa Mwachitsanzo, kapepala wa maiko ndi nyanja, n'kupita nyengo, zikuchokera zomera ndi zamoyo zinyama ndi landforms ndi okongola. Chachitatu, chitukuko geosphere ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi heterogeneity okhudza malo ndi zachilengedwe. Izi n'kukumana ndi chakuti mu madera osiyana a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana ya mchitidwe wa chisinthiko zingaoneke imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, akale ayezi zaka m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko linayamba ndi inatha pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. M'madera ena nyengo zachilengedwe umakhala chinyezi, pamene ena pali zosiyana kwathunthu chithunzi.

lithosphere

Kapangidwe chirengedwe chipolopolo zikuphatikizapo ngati chigawo chimodzi monga lithosphere lapansi. N'zovuta, kunja mbali ya dziko, anakafika kwa akuya pafupifupi 100 makilomita. wosanjikiza Izi zizindikiro kutumphuka ndi chapamwamba chovala. Kwambiri cholimba ndi olimba lapansi wosanjikiza kugwirizana ndi liwu monga ntchito tectonic. lithosphere agawidwa 15 lalikulu mbale tectonic: North America, Caribbean, ku South America, ku Scotland, Antarctic, Eurasian, Aluya, African, India Chifilipino, Australia, Pacific, Juan de Fuca, ndi Nazca ndi Cocos. Zikuchokera Earth chirengedwe chipolopolo m'madera amenewa yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya miyala ya lithosphere ndi yokhudza kotekisi chofunda. Lithospheric kutumphuka amakhala ndi chokhala ndi zikuluzikulu gabbro gneiss. Pansipa malire kuti, mu chovala chapamwamba amapezeka peridotite miyala makamaka zigwirizana mchere Olivine ndi pyroxene.

mogwirizana kwa zigawo

The zikuchokera envelopu Hrs zikuphatikizapo anayi zachilengedwe geosphere: ndi lithosphere, hydrosphere, m'mlengalenga ndi biosphere. Madzi ukuphwera ku nyanja ndi nyanja, mphepo kulimbikitsa otaya mpweya pa dziko, pali anapanga, ndipo mpweya akugwa, amene akubwerera ku nyanja m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kayendedwe ka zamoyo ufumu masamba kutembenuka ndi inorganics kuti organics. Pambuyo chiwonongeko cha zamoyo, zinthu organic adzabwezedwa kwa matanthwe a pansi padziko yosintha mu zochita kupanga.

The katundu wofunika kwambiri

Katundu chivundikiro Hrs:

1. Kutheka kwa yosungirako mphamvu ndi kutembenuka kwa kuwala kwa dzuwa.
2. Kukhalapo kwa mphamvu ufulu zofunika lalikulu zosiyanasiyana za kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe.
3. The luso lapadera kubala zosiyanasiyana za chilengedwe komanso kutumikira monga malo achilengedwe moyo.
4. Hrs katundu chivundikiro zosiyanasiyana lalikulu la zinthu mankhwala.
5. Mphamvu amabwera onse kuchokera mlenga lenga ndi ku matumbo kwambiri a dziko lapansi.

Wapadera envelopu Hrs ndi pa mphambano za lithosphere, m'mlengalenga ndi hydrosphere mu zamoyo. Zinali apa ndi apo anali akadali osauka lonse anthu, pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotiyenereza kuti umoyo wawo. Segmented m'chimake chimakwirira dziko lapansi, choncho amatchedwa mapulaneti zovuta kupanga miyala anapeka kutumphuka, mpweya ndi madzi, nthaka ndi lingamutsatire zosiyanasiyana kwachilengedwenso.