The nzeru za zana la 20.

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19 pakhala anasintha pang'onopang'ono kuchokera zapamwamba ndi kusintha osalala nzeru sanali Agiriki, anayamba nthawi ya nyemba wosinthanitsa ndi mfundo za maganizo aumunthu. Nzeru za m'ma XX yodziwika malangizo chakale monga ngati okwana azimuth kapena kalembedwe maganizo omwe ali achilendo pafupifupi nyengo ya ganizo Western. Panthawi imeneyi, chitsanzo maganizo a azimuth chakale anawomberedwa kudzera ndi lingaliro la chilengedwe cha zinthu ndi rationally chomvetsetseka mu chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso. Otsatira Inde chakale ankakhulupirira kuti maganizo - ichi ndi chachikulu ndi zapamwamba kwambiri kutembenuka chida mu miyoyo ya anthu. Magulu n'chakuti chiyembekezo kuti athetse mavuto mwamsanga anthu, analalikira kudziwa ngati ndi chidziwitso zomveka.

M'zaka za m'ma XX. chifukwa chiwerengero cha yamakolo kusintha, monga patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi umisiri zapita patsogolo, kalasi atasemphana sizinali choncho nkhanza, mmene m'zaka 19. nzeru Western kwa zaka za m'ma 20 akumana ndi sayansi ongolankhula, zimene zinachititsa kuti chakuti chuma ndipo n'zosatheka dongosolo anapeza kuti sitingakwanitse kufotokoza mavuto zinachitika mu sayansi ndi anthu kusintha. Mu masukulu nthanthi ya 20th Century, kukumana kwa idealist ndi ziphunzitso zakuthupi salinso wotanganidwa kale malo lalikulu, njira mumaganiza latsopano.

The nzeru za m'ma 20 anatsimikiza makamaka chifukwa chakuti zomangamanga chakale musati kale kukumana oimira ambiri mafunde nthanthi chifukwa chakuti iwo anataya chiphunzitso cha munthu wotero. The zosiyanasiyana kulunjika mwa maonekedwe zotengera malingaliridwe a munthu, ena anzeru a nthawi, simungathe "kulumikiza" njira ya sayansi. Mosiyana ndi rationalism ankaphunzitsa tinayamba kuika nzeru sanali Agiriki, pamene zenizeni mtheradi wapereka moyo ndi moyo wa munthu.

nzeru Western kwa zaka za m'ma 20 anakayikira kudzipereka kwa nzeru za Agiriki wa anthu pano cholinga mawonekedwe, omwe ndi ofanana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. M'ma 20 unachitikira pansi pa mbendera ya munthu wina "Boom anthropological" yemwe anachitika nzeru. Khalidwe la nzeru za nthawi chifanizo cha otchedwa zenizeni chikhalidwe wakhala mbali imodzi Mfundo yoteroyo monga "intersubjectivity". Iwo ankakhulupirira nzeru ena a nthawi, m'dera limeneli linakonzedwa kuti kuthetsa kusiyana pakati pa nkhaniyi ndi chinthu, chomwe chinali wafala nzeru za chikhalidwe chakale. Intersubjective malangizo nzeru inachokera pa lingaliro la mtundu wapadera wa chowonadi amene akutulukira timakhala anthu.

Njira amene amakonzedwa ndi ntchito nzeru za m'ma 20, ali ovuta kwambiri ndipo ngakhale kuti penapake woyengeka, poyerekeza ndi nzeru za Agiriki zaka za m'ma 19. Makamaka, mutha mbali utithandize ntchito nthanthi ya mawonekedwe ndi dongosolo chikhalidwe cha anthu (mabungwe chizindikiro-ophiphiritsa matanthauzo malemba). The nzeru za m'ma 20 amadziwikanso yodziwika ndi ake Mipikisano chilango. Zimenezi zimaonekera zosiyanasiyana m'madera ake ndi sukulu. madera atsopano amene kale osadziwika mu m'ma 20 nawo kanjira maganizo ndi akatswiri a sayansi.

Ndi chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano zasintha kamvekedwe ndi maganizo wonse wa ntchito nzeru zaumunthu, iwo anasiya chidaliro otsimikiza kuti ndi khalidwe la nzeru zachikhalidwe. The nzeru za m'ma 20 pafupifupi anafika pafupi ndi kupanga zatsopano mawonedwe worldview, ndi mirorazmernosti mirootsenki, munthu amene mwachindunji zokhudzana onse kuwonjezera kufunika kwa mtundu ukasintha watsopano rationality.