The ofufuza kwambiri Russian ndipo apeza

The kwambiri apaulendo Russian, mndandanda wa zomwe ndi waukulu ndithu, kudakali chitukuko cha malonda apanyanja naukitsa kutchuka kwa dziko. Ammudzi asayansi anazindikira mudziwe zambiri osati pa madera, komanso za nyama ndi zomera, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - anthu amene ankakhala m'madera ena a dziko, ndi miyambo yawo. Tiyeni titsatire mapazi lalikulu apaulendo Russian maulendo awo a anapeza.

Fodor Filippovich Konyuhov

Great Russian wapaulendo Fyodor Konyukhov si odziwika wokonda ulendo, komanso zojambulajambula, analemekeza mwini masewera. Iye anabadwa mu 1951. Kuyambira ndili mwana, iye akanakhoza kuchita kuti adzapatsidwa kovuta anzake - kusambira m'madzi ozizira. Akanatha kugona mu chosungiramo udzu wa ziweto. Fedor anali bwino thupi ndipo amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali - ndi makumi angapo makilomita. Mu zaka 15, anatha kudutsa Nyanja ya Azov, ntchito kupalasa ngalawa. Zinakhudza kwambiri Theodore, ndi agogo ake, amene ankafuna mnyamata kukhala munthu wapaulendo, koma mnyamata anafuna ichi. The apaulendo kwambiri Russian zambiri anayamba kukonza pasadakhale kwa yokopa awo ndi danga nyanja.

kutsegula Konyukhov

Fedor Filippovich Konyuhov anatenga gawo mu 40 kuyenda mobwerezabwereza pa yatchi Bering njira, ndipo tidapita ku Vladivostok kuti Islands Mtsogoleri, anabwera Sakhalin ndi Kamchatka. Mu zaka 58, ndipo anagonjetsa phiri la Everest, komanso 7 nsonga zazitali kwambiri mu gulu ndi okwera ena. Iye anapita onse North ndi mizati South chifukwa cha maulendo 4 kuzungulira dziko, anawoloka nthawi Atlantic 15. zidindo wake Fedor Filippovich akusonyeza chithunzicho. Choncho iye analemba zithunzi 3000. The kwambiri atulukira Hrs anthu apaulendo Russia kaŵirikaŵiri zikuonekera mabuku awo, ndi Fedor Konyukhov anasiya 9 mabuku.

Athanasius Nikitin

Great Russian wapaulendo Athanasius Nikitin (Nikitin - .. dzina Choyamba wamalonda, kuti dzina la bambo ake anali Nikita) m'nthawi ya 15, ndi chaka anabadwa silidziwika. Iye anatsimikizira kuti ngakhale munthu amachokera kubanja losauka akhoza ayende patali chotero, chinthu chachikulu - kwa cholinga. Iye anali odziwa wamalonda amene anapita ku India mu Crimea, Constantinople, Lithuania ndi ukulu wa Moldavia nabwera kunyumba katundu kunja.

Iye anali mbadwa ya Tver. amalonda Russian anapita ku Asia kukhazikitsa ubale ndi amalonda m'deralo. Iwo anafika kumeneko, makamaka tsitsi. Monga tsoka Athanasius anali mu India, komwe anakhalako zaka zitatu. Pobwerera ake Andibera ndi kupha pafupi Smolensk. The kwambiri ofufuza Russian ndipo apeza kuti muyaya kukhalabe mbiri, chifukwa patsogolo okonda wolimba ndi kufika akungoyendayenda zambiri anafa Maulendo oopsa ndipo yaitali.

Inayambira Afanasiya Nikitina

Athanasius Nikitin anakhala munthu woyamba Russian apaulendo amene anafika India ndi Persia, pamene ndimabwerera anapita Turkey ndi Somalia. Pa maulendo ake manotsi "Ulendo Beyond atatu Pacific", chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa buku phunziro la chikhalidwe ndi miyambo ya mayiko ena. Makamaka bwino zojambulidwa m'mabuku ake akale India. Iye anawoloka Volga, Nyanja Arabia ndi Caspian, Black Sea. Pamene pafupi amalonda Astrakhan anali talandidwa ndi Chitata, iye sanafune zonse pitani kunyumba ngongole msampha, ndipo anapitiriza ulendo wake akafike Derbent, ndiye Baku.

Nikolai Maclay

Maclay amachokera banja munthu wolemekezeka, koma iye anali kuphunzira imfa ya atate ake, amene ali pa umphawi. Iye anali woukira ndi chikhalidwe - mu zaka 15, iye anamangidwa chifukwa nawo zionetsero wophunzira. Chifukwa cha ichi, iye osati kunapezeka kuti anali atamangidwa pa malo, kumene anakhala masiku atatu, koma sukulu ndi zoletsedwa kupitirirabe chikuonetseratu - kotero kuti anataya mwayi wolandira maphunziro apamwamba mu Russia kuti kenako anapanga Germany.

Ernst Haeckel, ambiri odziwika bwino zachilengedwe, anafotokoza chidwi mnyamata wa zaka 19 zakubadwa ndipo anapempha Maclay mu ulendo, amene cholinga anali kuphunzira zinyama m'madzi. Nicholas anamwalira ali ndi zaka 42, ndi matenda a mawu ake, "ndi kuwonongeka amphamvu za thupi." Iye, monga ena apaulendo zambiri Russian, anapereka gawo lalikulu la moyo wake mu dzina la atulukira watsopano.

Inayambira Maclay

Mu 1869 Maclay ndi thandizo la Russian Society Geographical anapita ku New Guinea. Beach kumene anakapezeka tsopano limatchedwa "Maclay Coast." Nditakhala kuposa chaka mu ulendo, iye anaswa pansi latsopano. Chikalatacho anaphunzira wapaulendo Russian ngati dzungu wamkulu, chimanga, nyemba, posamalira mitengo ya zipatso. zaka 3 anakhala mu Australia, anapita Indonesia, Philippines, zilumba za Melanesia ndi Micronesia. Iye anatinso m'deralo si kusokoneza maphunziro anthropological. zaka 17 akuphunzira anthu zakwawoko ya Pacific Islands, Asia Southeast. Chifukwa Miklouho-Maclay anali anatsutsa nkhambakamwa kuti Papuans ndi mtundu wina wa munthu. Monga mmene taonera, akulu ofufuza Russian ndipo apeza analola dziko lonse osati kuphunzira zambiri za kafukufuku Hrs, komanso anthu ena okhala mu New Magawo.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przewalski

Przhevalsky woyanjidwa banja a mfumu pambuyo pa ulendo oyamba iye anali ulemu kukumana ndi Alexander II, amene anapereka chopereka wake ku Russian Academy of Sciences. mwana wake Nicholas ankakonda ntchito za Nikolai Mikhailovich, ndipo anafuna kukhala wophunzira ake, komanso kuthandiza kufalitsa nkhani za ulendo wa 4, anadandaula Rubles 25 chikwi.. The Tsarevich nthawi analakalaka makalata ochokera wapaulendo ndipo anali osangalala ngakhale uthenga lalifupi za ulendo wa.

Monga mmene taonera, ngakhale pa moyo wa Przewalski kukhala ndithu odziwika umunthu ndi ntchito zake ndi zochita alandira zambiri zokhudza misonkhano. Koma, monga nthawi zina zimachitika, chachikulu ofufuza Russian ndipo apeza akukhala wotchuka, mfundo zambiri za moyo ndi mikhalidwe ya imfa yake akadali sikukudziŵika. Ana a Nicholas Mikhailovich sanali, T. Kwa. Kumvetsa zimene zinam'chitikira adzafa, ndipo sakadalola analola kuti akaweruze wokondedwa pa standby okhazikika ndi kusungulumwa.

kutsegula kwa Przewalski

Ndiyamika Maulendo Przewalski, ndi Russian sayansi kutchuka kunakopa latsopano. Pa 4 Maulendo wapaulendo atadutsa pafupi 30 chikwi. Makilomita, anapita ku Central ndi Western Asia, malo okwera Chitibeta ndi kum'mwera kwa Taklimakan chipululu. Iye anatsegula zitunda zambiri (Moscow, zodabwitsa, ndi zina zotero. D.), Fotokozani mitsinje ikuluikulu ya Asia.

Ambiri amva za Przewalski a kavalo (a subspecies a kavalo zakutchire), koma ochepa mukudziwa za olemera Zoological zopereka nyama, mbalame, achule ndi nsomba zambiri za mbiri za zomera ndi zopereka herbarium. Kuwonjezera pa nyama ndi zomera, komanso latsopano atulukira Hrs, akulu Russian wofufuza Przewalski chidwi mitundu sakudziwika kwa azungu - Dungan, kumpoto Chitibeta, Tangut, magintsami, lobnortsami. Iye analenga ntchito "Kodi kupita ku Central Asia" imene akanatha kukhala Chiongoko kwambiri chifukwa ofufuza ndi asilikali. The apaulendo kwambiri Russian, kufufuza, nthawizonse luso chitukuko cha sayansi ndi bungwe bwino Maulendo latsopano.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern

wofufuza Russian anabadwa mu 1770. Iye analibe mwayi mtsogoleri woyamba wa ulendo dziko ku Russia, monga m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa National Oceanology, ndi asilikali, membala lolingana ndi membala aulemu a Academy of Sciences ku St. Petersburg. Great Russian wapaulendo Kruzenshtern anatenga mbali, analengedwa pamene Russian Society Geographical. Mu 1811 iye anali ndi mwayi wophunzitsa Nyanja Cadet Corps. Kenako, kukhala wotsogolera, anakonza kalasi apamwamba kapitawo. Izi ndiye anakhala Academy wa Naval.

Mu 1812, iye anasankha wachitatu chuma chake kwa asilikali Anthu (anayamba World nkhondo II). Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, ulendo kufalitsa mabuku atatu mabuku, "oyendayenda padziko lonse", omwe anamasuliridwa m'zinenero zisanu ndi ziwiri European. Mu 1813, Ivan Fedorovich monga mu English, Chidanishi, German ndipo French magulu sayansi ndi maphunziro. Komabe, zaka 2 kenako, iye anatumiza patchuthi kalekale chifukwa cha kudwala matenda diso, kumva zinthu ndi ubale zovuta ndi nduna ya sitima. Ambiri ofufuza wotchuka ndi apaulendo anatembenukira kwa Ivan Fedorovich malangizo ndi chithandizo.

kutsegula Kruzenshtern

zaka 3 anali mtsogoleri wa maulendowa Russian padziko lonse zombo "Neva" ndi "Hope". Pa ulendo wa iwo anali kuyezedwa m'kamwa mwa Amur Mtsinje. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya zombo Russian anawoloka equator. Ulendowu, ndi Ivan Fedorovich, kwa nthawi yoyamba anaonekera pa mapu kum'mawa, kumpoto ndi kumpoto-kumadzulo gombe la Sakhalin Island. Komanso, pamaziko a ntchito yake adzaona kuunika "Atlas South Sea", wathunthu zolemba hydrographic. Chifukwa makadi ulendo anali achotsa yopanda chilumba, enieni udindo pa mfundo georgaficheskih anatsimikiza. sayansi Russian waphunzira za Mezhpassatnyh Undercurrent mu Pacific ndi Atlantic nyanja, anali anayeza madzi kutentha (mpaka mamita 400 mozama) wofotokozedwa kulemera yeniyeni ake, mtundu kumva. Pomaliza zinadziwika chifukwa chimene kuwala nyanja. Komanso, pali deta pa kuthamanga mumlengalenga, ndi amabwera ndipo amatha m'madera ambiri a m'nyanja kuti ntchito anzake Russian lalikulu maulendo awo.

Semon Ivanovich Dezhnov

Great wapaulendo, anabadwa mu 1605. Kuyenda panyanja, wofufuza ndi malonda, analinso Cossack mtsogoleri. Iye anali mbadwa ya Great Ustyug, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku Siberia. Semyon Ivanovich ankadziwika kuti zamtendere talente, kulimba mtima ndi luso kukonza ndi kusamalira anthu. dzina lache linaperekedwa mpaka Hrs (headland, Bay Chilumba, mudzi Peninsula), umafunika ayezi baka ichidachi, kuyenda, street, etc.

kutsegula Dezhneva

Semyon Ivanovich zaka 80 pamaso pa Bering Strait unachitikira (otchedwa Bering) pakati Alaska ndi Chukotka (mokwanira, pamene Bering anali mbali chabe ya izo). Iye ndi gulu lake anapeza njira nyanja, kuzungulira mbali kumpoto kum'mawa kwa Asia, anafika Kamchatka. Palibe patsogolo ndipo ine sindikudziwa za izo gawo la dziko kumene America pafupifupi anayamba ndi Asia. Dezhnev anapambana Ocean Arctic, anyalanyaza kufupi ndi gombe la Asia. Iye kujambula mapu a Khwalala pakati pa American ndi Asian mabanki, komanso Chukotka Peninsula. Kamodzi Olyutorskii Bay chisweke ngati ngalawa, kumuwombera wake, ndi zipangizo okha ndi sledges, anali kutenga masabata 10 asanayambe ndi Anadyr Mtsinje (kuti anataya anthu 13 ochokera 25). Pali kopanda kuti atsamunda woyamba wa Alaska anakhala mbali ya Dezhnev gulu, anapambulwa pa ulendo wa.

Choncho, kutsatira mapazi lalikulu Russian wapaulendo, inu mukhoza kuwona momwe kukhala ndi kunyamuka Russian asayansi, alemere chidziwitso cha dziko kunja, amene anapereka kutsogolera zikuluzikulu chitukuko cha mafakitale ena.