Ufulu weniweni malamulo a Aroma. Concept ndi mitundu ya katundu ufulu

Malamulo a Aroma kuyambira nthawi zakale. Aroma anali wosiyana maloya, maphunziro omwe adakumana chitukuko zawo makumi a zaka. Pamaziko a kachitidwe kawo malamulo zimamangidwa pafupifupi ndondomeko ya maiko a ku Ulaya. Makamaka katundu ufulu zenizeni mu malamulo a Aroma. Ambiri mwa mfundo m'dera limeneli kwa digiri wamkulu kapena wamng'ono ntchito lero.

Kodi zikutanthauzanji zinthu?

Mfundo kwambiri za "zinthu" Aroma tikulidziwa tanthauzo kuposa ife. Choncho, kumaphatikizapo tanthauzo ndi zinthu zakuthupi, koma ngakhale ufulu Relations. Chinthu chimatchedwa "res". Maufulu onse mu rem mu malamulo a Aroma sanangobwera kuzindikira maganizo ndi malamulo woganizirana m'lingaliro zakuthupi: kuphunzitsa koteroko wakhala ofalitsidwa pakati, anthu Roma amene nthawi zambiri anali opanga malamulo olemekezeka (corporeal ndi katundu incorporeal).

gulu la zinthu

Komabe, munthu sayenera kuganiza kuti mfundo zimenezi zimaphatikizapo zonse. Bwino ndithu lidagawikana kuti asasokonezeke. Choncho, zinthu zimene zili m'gulu chiphunzitso cha katundu ufulu?

Choyamba, onse olamuliridwa lamulo la Mulungu. Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu zonse za kulambira, kuphatikizapo amene chofunika kwambiri mwakuthupi ndi mwauzimu. chiwerengero cha "zinthu" zonse kachisi inkakhala m'mayiko onse a iye, onse ali m'manda ndi mafano wodzipereka kwa milungu Roma.

Chachiwiri, "anthu" zinthu anthu. M'magulu awiri yotakata:

• katundu Public, amene anali magawo onse a nzika za dziko. owonetsera izo ndi mabwalo, m'misika, mabanki a mitsinje, nyanja ndi nyanja. Si ufulu weniweni malamulo a Aroma diso loipa amafanana kuti ochiritsira ntchito dziko?
• chuma payekha, amene anali wokwatibwa ndi nzika payekha. Iwo anali m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, koma zimenezi si kofunika.

Kodi ndi mitundu iti ya malamulo a Roma anali ndi udindo am'derali? Inde, malamulo apachikhalidwe ndi malamulo, monga plebiscites analibe udindo wochita zimenezi.

Anawonjezera gulu la zinthu

Choncho, muli ndi lingaliro bwino anamva kuti Aroma analipo corporeal ndi incorporeal zinthu (umene zalembedwa pamwambapa). Koma kunena zoona, unit anali okulira kwambiri ndi zambiri zovuta:

• Kukhala kupezeka ndi kudzipatula kwa izo.
• Mantsipiruemye ndi nemantsipiruemye (Lingaliro m'malo ovuta, awulule izo m'munsimu).
• Zovuta kwambiri.
• Kutumikira kudya ndi ogwiritsa sanali.
• Zinthu izi anapatukana, ndipo ali limodzi.
• Mbali, pamwamba.
• Kudzera mwa tanthauzo generic ndi mwapadera.
• Makina ndi osasunthika katundu.
• Kachiwiri, zinthu zooneka ndi wauzimu.

Tsopano kulongosolerana zina mwa mfundo izi, kumvetsa mwatsatanetsatane. Ziyenera kuchitika, chifukwa mbiri ya Roma kwambiri zogwirizana ndi izo.

Kukhala kupezeka ndi kudzipatula kwa izo

Kuti achire ku kufalitsidwa (res commercium owonjezera) zikuphatikizapo nkhani onse zosoŵa anthu kotero, sanathe privatized. Ndi zonse mofanana akachisi, misewu ndi embankments, malo m'manda a phulusa la akufa (columbarium), komanso ambiri thupi zinthu (mpweya, nyanja, mtsinje). Choncho, ufulu mu rem mu malamulo a Aroma poyerekezera asamangokhala ku makope katundu (res mu commercio) m'gulu zambiri zosiyanasiyana zinthu.

Mantsipiruemye ndi nemantsipiruemye

zinthu Mantsipiruemymi (res mancipi) wotchedwa mwachindunji Zogona dziko kuwakonda akapolo ena Magulu a nyumba ndi ng'ombe ntchito. Opatsirana zonsezi akanatha basi kudzera Mancipatio. dziko lonse kwenikweni yekha kwa boma. Choncho, ufulu weniweni ndi (mu nkhani iyi) n'chotheka popereka dziko "lawo" tinatengera.

Kaya chiyambi cha anthu otchuka ndi nzika iwo anapatsidwa kwa lendi, izi siyana m'dziko akhoza zichotsedwe kwa iwo nthawi iliyonse. malo amenewa anaphatikizapo:

• Ager vectigalis. Land "lendi malipiro" mtundu. Anausiya nzika. Koyamba akuti - zaka zisanu, koma kwenikweni anali pangano losatha. Iwo akhoza tinatengera popanda zochitika aliyense ndi zopinga malamulo.
• Ager privates vestigalisque. Izi m'dziko limene boma kapena ammudzi akanatha kukagulitsa kwa anthu. Kulunjika anali kuti wogula alibe nazo m'dziko ndinayamba, koma anali ndi ufulu ntchito (koma kupatsira ndi cholowa). Komanso, mwini wake ankafunikira kulipira lendi ena ntchito gawo lake. mawonekedwe ntchito m'dziko ndi chidwi chifukwa choti kuonedwa ngati gawo Transitional pakati pa ulamuliro limodzi dziko ndi katundu ndithu payekha.

Kodi dziko zina gulu zikuphatikizapo mfundo katundu ufulu? Tsopano ife tiyang'ana pa chilichonse gulu payekha.

ager quaestorius

Ambiri, mtundu wa yokhudza malo anali analogous kwathunthu ku yapita chimodzi: wogula walandira umwini wa dziko kulipira lendi ake. The peculiarity wa ndi boma zotheka nthawi iliyonse popanda chifukwa chirichonse kuletsa ndikupeleka ndi kufuna kubwerera kwa chikalata ntchito osakhalitsa m'dzikolo. Mugone zonsezi malamulo easements mu malamulo a Roma (malamulo katundu ndi ntchito zake za wina).

ager occupatorius

Izi pasukulupo, bwino okha ndi malire achilengedwe (mitsinje, nkhalango, mapiri). Mbali A wa gulu n'chakuti dziko si kukonzedwa mpaka nthawi monga iwo kunditumiza ku mwini malo payekha. Pezani ziwembu awa akanakhoza kokha patricians, ndipo nthawi zambiri amangoika azigwira. gulu ili, chiphunzitso, akhoza kupereka anthu apamwamba nduna ya nthawi ya ulamuliro wawo, koma zoona kulanda dziko ankakonda kalekale.

Mulimonsemo, mbiri ya Rome amadziwa kwambiri mfundo adani, kenako dziko lonse kupita ku leni boma chuma pokhapokha imfa ya nduna ndipo m'malo onse.

Adsignatio

maofesi Private nthawi zina kudutsa maphukusi ofanana kwathunthu lalikulu la dziko. mtundu uwu "mazana asanu" kwa plebs Roma. Kufalitsa m'madera ankavala lonse chachikulu, zinachitikadi mu mlengalenga makamaka chikondwerero. Zofanana anali katundu Ager colonicus. Iyi ndi dziko Zogona, koma linali kunja Italy. Atsamunda yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi lamanja la motsatizana. Monga ulamuliro, rents kwa iwo msonkho anali zochepa patapita nthawi zina umwini.

Ager locatus wakale lege censoria

ziwembu awa "bwino kukonzekera 'anagawira kokha maziko mpikisano. Mwachidule, kuwatengera iwo munthu amene anapanga kupereka bwino, kupanga chuma cha boma kwambiri ndalama.

Zofunika! Iye Mancipatio ndondomeko anali kuchita chovuta kwambiri malamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa chofunika mboni zisanu (ndi malamulo easements m'chilamulo Chiroma). Ngati m'kati kuvomera kulakwa chimodzi, ngakhale mawu olankhulidwa a ndikupeleka lonse basi chimatengedwa ngati yosagwira ntchito. Ndi gulu nemantsipiuemyh m'gulu zinthu zina zonse.

Palitu zinthu mantsipiruemye nemantsipiruemye zinthu?

Chachikulu kusiyana pakati pa iwo anali mu ndondomeko wa kupatuka. Nemantsipiruemye zinthu munaupereka ndi ndondomeko lophweka - zikhulupiriro. Mancipatio lachiwiri lija kunali kovuta (monga ife tatchulawa). Musaganize kuti ndi akufunira kanthu za malamulo Roma, monga kwa zinthu ankachitira mantsipiruemym maofesi zofunika kupanga. Choncho, mfundo ndi malamulo a Aroma m'dera wakhala osokonezeka.

boma linali chidwi kwambiri kuteteza ufulu kwa iwo kudzera zonse zilipo. Zovuta mwambo polima ndendende kuti musakodwe mu gulu la owerenga m'dziko anthu mwachisawawa. Tikumbukenso kuti Mancipatio monga anakhalabe kufikira nthawi monga Rome anali ndi mabwalo. Kusintha kwa Ufumu anachotsa msangamsanga zokhudzana ndi dziko limodzi. Pa nthawi imeneyo, umwini m'chilamulo Chiroma zambiri zophweka lingaliro.

Zambiri ndi zovuta zinthu

Malinga ndi mawu a Pomponius, zazing'ono limanenedwa ngati limodzi, lingaliro indivisible. Kwa iwo akhoza wachinsinsi monga mwala, matabwa, kapolo. zovuta zinthu zonse Katundu m'magulu awiri yotakata:

• Onse zigawo zikuluzikulu za zinthu zimene lopangidwa ndi zinthu zing'onozing'ono zambiri zokhudzana ndi mzake. Izi zikhoza wachinsinsi ngati ngalawa kapena nyumba.
• chuma, imene inali ingachititse si zogwirizana ndi mzake koma ogwirizana ndi cholinga chimodzi, wa zinthu. zinthu izi za ufulu chuma kuwonetsa mawonekedwe a ng'ombe ng'ombe.

Makina ndi osasunthika katundu

Katundu makina onse amene angasinthe malo awo mu mlengalenga. zinthu izi angachititse paokha (ng'ombe, akapolo) ndi kuwasuntha iwo mu malo ena mphamvu (ziwiya, zovala).

Choncho, katundu ndi osasunthika nkhawa zonse akhoza kusintha malo ake m'malere popanda kupulumutsa dongosolo lake lonse. gulu la cholowa lamulo la Aroma zikuphatikizapo ziwembu dziko, subsoil, nyumba yonse. Mosiyana ndi lamulo ano, pamene poyerekezera onse a magulu amenewa ntchito pafupi zofanana zochita normative ndi malamulo, kotero kuti magawano onse a chikhalidwe zothandiza pokhala anaikira chomasuka ntchito.

Komanso, ku Roma gulu malo ali basi ukugwira zinthu zonse kuti lendi anapanga pa dziko wokwatibwa ndi lessor lapansi. katundu onse anakhala mbali ya chiwembu, ndipo anali wofanana izo ndi udindo malamulo.

Kugwirizana kwa malo

Koma malo imatengedwa gulu zovuta zambiri. Aroma osamala kwambiri kusintha za malamulo a chuma choterocho. Choncho, kulanda katundu makina analola chaka chimodzi, katundu ndi osasunthika, nthawi ili kawiri. Tikumbukenso kuti m'nyengo ya printsipiata kuonetsetsa dongosolo osiyana malamulo a Roma, amene ali chimodzimodzi basi zonse unagona mderali.

zinthu angaperekedwe ndi payekha ena

Pakuti zinthu angaperekedwe monga chuma zotere n'cholinga okha amene ali ndi zaka, analibe paokha. Inde, gulu panali njakata, koma chifukwa achilamulo Roma anabweretsa ulamuliro yosavuta mwachilungamo msanga: ngati agwiritsidwa kuyeza zinthu (buku, kulemera) zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiye linali banja la. Imfa ya chuma ichi, kuti nthawi zonse m'malo ndi mankhwala monga.

Choncho, zosiyaniratu chinthu payekha kumatanthauza. Nyumbayi amene chimatengedwa ngati wapadera mu chikhalidwe chake, akhoza m'malo ndi zofanana. Komanso, chinthu choterocho mosavuta anapambulwa pa kuchuluka zofanana (woumba limodzi). Ngati payekha kumatanthauza katundu awonongeke, mgwirizanowo umwini pa izo basi mabasi monga wamangawa akadali sakanakhoza kupereka zofanana.

Kumvetsetsa akamanena za zodabwitsazi, n'zotheka kudzitchula zinthu zimenezi n'kofunika ndi zosafunika. Mfundo imeneyi ndi tanthauzo lalikulu, kuyambira dongosolo la malamulo a Aroma ofotokoza anamanga ubwenzi wawo.

Chokwiya ndi katundu unimproved

Ndi mowa m'gulu zinthu zina zonse amene anasowa ndi mwini pamene anasamutsa kwa munthu wina. gulu zimenezi ndi monga mankhwala chakudya ndi ndalama. Pankhani ya mfuti, ndiye mwini, amene anapereka iwo, osauka ndi chuma chawo.

Choncho, sanali ogwiritsa zinthu ndalema kapena anataya yomweyo, koma patapita kanthawi.

Mbali ndi chuma chachikulu

Makamaka anazindikira katundu chotero chimene mwalamulo subordinated zinthu zina. Choncho, ndi-anazindikira palokha katundu, ndiko kumlingo amadalira zinthu zazikulu. Mbali katundu m'magulu:

• Part pa chuma.
• Ena chowonjezera osiyana.
• Zipatso.

Anthu mbali ya zinthu zimene zimakhudza kwambiri popanda kutaya pa magwiridwe a malamulo a chilamulo Roma sanamuzindikire chuma nkhani. Apo ayi, zikhoza kuganiziridwa pa mbali yotero (denga zinthu akuzisunga magwiridwe ake pamene wosiyana nyumba). Chifukwa chisokonezo la chilamulo Aroma olekanitsidwa zinthu zapadera wokalamulira zina cholinga lonse.

Kufufuza za kugwirizana kwa chinthu chonsecho

Choncho, ngati mbali kujowina amakhala opanda ntchito, kapena kupeza katundu watsopano kapena amakhala limodzi ku chinthu china, nkhani zotayika lamanja la umwini kwa izo. Koma ngati zinthu ziwiri sichinasinthe pambuyo pophatikizana, ndi gawo Ufumuyo akhoza olekanitsidwa ena chuma, izo angachotsedwe ndi kwathunthu kubwezeretsedwa udindo wake malamulo. Mulimonsemo, njira ya chitetezo cha katundu ufulu Pankhaniyi zikuphatikizapo pempho yosavuta bwalo.

Chalk ndi zipatso

Mamembala umatchedwanso chinthu mbali, koma zogwirizana chuma chachikulu si mwalamulo ndi chuma. Iye akanakhoza kukhala kwathunthu paokha, kuonedwa ngati ufulu kudzikonda zili chinthu. Komatu pokambirana maofesi ndi zinthu zofunika akhoza wakwanitsa mukufuna. Monga ulamuliro, malamulo lisiti onse ntchito katundu waukulu, anali mu mphamvu kulemekeza zonse "Ufumuyo" kuti Chalk ake.

zipatso chotchedwa chinthu kuwapeza katundu amene ankamveka (chikopa, ubweya, zipatso). Motero, anali wofanana ndi zipatso ndi ndalama kuti anthu alandire azipereke awo. Monga mmene zinalili ndi Chalk, ayenera kugonjera malamulo onse okhudzana anatengera mu ulemu wa zinthu zazikulu. Motero mwa njira, ndidapita kuti: ". The tsoka Chalk zimadalira zinthu"

ndi zinthu zipatso pa mitundu ya kugawikana zipatso Kodi

zipatso chuma onse (res fructiferae) yodziwika ndi yakuti akhoza kubweretsa ena zipatso monga chifukwa cha iye yekha ntchito zake, organic, ndi chifukwa cha ntchito kuti ntchito anthu. Awa akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ponena mfundo yonena za "katundu" ndi ufulu wina kampani kuti zonse ndondomeko awo. Monga taonera kale, zinthu zonse zimene zakhala analandira pa mwininyumba pansi, basi kuganiza nyumba yake ndipo anam'patsa kudzatenga nawo amachita malonda awo.

The zipatso, amene analandira chifukwa cha njira zonse izi, ogaŵikana mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu.

Zipatso za malamulo a boma (fructus civiles). Ndi za iwo ife anangoti, ali ndi zifukwa zotani zosiyanasiyana wotuluka katundu. M'njira zamakono ndi ndalama anachokera ku machitidwe a dziko lomwelo. phindu Izi zikhoza kukhala zonse, koma nyengo (zokolola ndi kukhazikitsa otsatirapo), komanso yochepa, zomwe zinachitika pamene munthu nthawi kugulitsa zinthu zipatso.

zipatso Natural (fructus naturales). Iwo zimapezeka kupyolera osakaniza anthu ntchito ndi zina kupereka mwaufulu. Komanso ogaŵikana mitundu:

• Zipatso omwe olumikizidwa kwa chinthu kumene anachokera (fructus pendentes).
• Katundu, lomwe kale wosiyana ake (fructus separati).
• Privatized wina zipatso (fructus percepti).
• Katundu, lomwe kale kukonzedwa (fructus consumpti).
• Anthu zipatso zimene kale wokonzeka, koma chimene chili chofunika kusonkhanitsa (fructus perci piendi).

Ngati mwini wake pa zifukwa zina chofunika kubwerera wobala zipatso zake chinthu, zipatso zonse anali kubwezedwa pamodzi ndi izo. Komabe, sikuti ntchito milandu komwe katundu wakhala m'njira ntchito.

Anakulunga zinthu ndi chuma kosamugonjera zolowa

Zinthu zimene muli kupezeka (res mu commercio) - ndi malo amene akhoza kutengapo mbali zosiyanasiyana wotuluka pakati pa anthu (kuwombola, kugula ndi kugulitsa). Choncho, zinthu zonse chifukwa cha katundu zachilengedwe mu ndondomeko sali woyenera, malo amene sakhoza anasinthanitsa. zinthu sanathe nawo kuwombola, koma anazindikira zinthu bwino.

Komanso, malamulo a mayikowo Roma imasonyeza kukhalako kwa zinthu, chomwe chingathe kupereka zipatso zina, koma moyenerera a magulu onse kwa nzika zonse. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• Air.
• Mtsinje (kuti, madzi).
• Pacific ndi nyanja ndi zipatso zonse, ndani wa iwo akhoza kuwapeza.

pomaliza

Monga tikhoza kuphunzira kuwerenga nkhaniyi, malamulo a Roma pa zinthu anali mosalekeza kwambiri ndi woganiza kwambiri mfundo malamulo a view. Ena mwa malamulo mderali zingaoneke zachilendo kwa munthu wamakono, koma pa nthawi ina iwo mwangwiro kukwaniritsa ntchito zawo. Sichangozi lawmaking Aroma masiku ano amaphunzira ku sukulu lamulo bwino padziko lonse.