The zomveka ntchito. Zikuluzikulu mfundo

Computer sayansi monga sayansi ya kusonkhanitsa njira, kusintha ndi pokonza zosiyanasiyana deta iyamba kukhala mu m'ma makumi awiri. Ngakhale ena a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti chiyambi cha mapangidwe sayansi kompyuta anauika m'ma 17, ndi kuyambitsa kwa woyamba Chiwerengero mawotchi ambiri kusonkhana ndi zaka patsogolo kwambiri makompyuta. Mu 40s kwa zaka za m'ma 20, mkubwela kompyuta choyamba, sayansi kompyuta walandira kutsogolera zatsopano chitukuko.

The phunziro la Informatics

Zinali mkubwela kompyuta woyamba wakhala koyenera kukhala njira zatsopano systematization, mawerengedwe ndi processing kukukhala lalikulu deta, komanso chitukuko cha ma aligorivimu umene ungampange lingathe zonse makompyuta latsopano. Informatics analandira udindo wa chilango palokha sayansi, ndipo analowa a ndege ya masamu kuphunzira masovedwe ambiri.

Onse sayansi yamakono kompyuta zachokera ntchito zomveka. Iwo angatchedwe chigawo ofunika. Mu mapulogalamu, makompyuta mfundo ntchito mfundo - ndi amachitila, amene kwaiye pambuyo kuchita yachilendo kapena mtengo anapanga pamaziko mfundo wogwila. Zogwiritsira zimenezi zingasiyane malingana ndi mchitidwe purosesa kudzapereka malamulo. Komabe, pali ntchito zina zomwe zimachitikira pafupifupi machitidwe onse alipo. Opaleshoni imeneyi, yomwe ntchito ndi ochititsa amaona okha, monga kukana, kapena amene amasokoneza kachulukidwe mapangidwe mfundo - kuwonjezera, kuchotsera, muchuluke, kugawaniza.

Operands ntchito zomveka

Popeza ajebura mfundo zikutanthauza ntchito pa mfundo umboni, ndiye ngati operands ntchito zonse zomveka ndi zowombetsa mkota mitundu deta. zinthu chakale, ntchito ndi mawu ajebura ali mawu, onyenga kapena woona. The zamagetsi ndi mapulogalamu kwa malongosoledwe a mawu awa ntchito Buliyani zosintha woona ndi wabodza kapena inteja kufunika 1 (choona) ndi 0 (abodza). Pa osakaniza mfundo izi, monga zosaneneka mmene zingamvekere, ntchito amamangidwa machitidwe zovuta kwambiri ndi zikuluzikulu. Onse kachidindo Pulogalamu imeneyi anaphedwa pa kompyuta kapena chipangizo china chilichonse digito pompopompo anamasuliridwa mu ndondomeko ya anthu ndi ziro - malamulo chilengedwe zomwe angathe kukonzedwa ndi processing iliyonse.

Mitundu ntchito zomveka

Monga tanena kale, mu chakale Buliyani ajebura , pali 2 mitundu ya ntchito. Waukulu zomveka ntchito pa mitundu bayinare deta - ndi zochita zokhudza mawu yokha (unary, kapena osakwatira, ntchito). Iyi ndi ntchito kuti kupanga ziganizo latsopano pamaziko a makhalidwe wogwila (ntchito bayinare, kapena mapasa). Dongosolo la ntchito mfundo zomveka ndi chimodzimodzi pamene akuchita kuwerengetsera aliyense masamu kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja, chifukwa cha m'mabokosi a.

Chophweka ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zambiri odziwika a Buliyani mfundo ntchito ndi kukana. Imeneyi mfundo ntchito ndi phindu osiyana operand athandizira. Mu zamagetsi, zimenezi limatchedwa ndi inversion. Mwachitsanzo, ngati inu invert akufunazo "choonadi" chifukwa ndi "wabodza". Ndipo mosemphanitsa - ndi negation makhalidwe "wabodza" udzathera mu mtengo wa "zoona". Izi n'zomveka mapulogalamu ntchito kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthambi ma aligorivimu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito "kusankha" wa akonzedwa wotsatira malamulo pa maziko a zotsatira alipo kapena zinthu zinasintha.

ntchito bayinare

Mu mapulogalamu kompyuta ndi ntchito akonzedwa zochepa bayinare (bayinare) ntchito. Iwo ali dzina lawo mawu Latin zina kuti adzipeza, kutanthauza "ziwiri", ndipo ndi mtundu wa ntchito zimene kutenga mfundo athandizira awiri ndi kubwerera chifukwa mtengo watsopano. Pakuti zokhudza ntchito zonse ajebura Buliyani amagwiritsa matebulo choonadi.

Kodi iwo ayenera

dongosolo lino anapanga wina kuchuluka kwa operands athandizira ndipo limafotokoza mfundo zonse chifukwa, amene angathe kubwerera anakonzeratu mfundo opareshoni pa anati anapereka magawo athandizira.

Ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito makompyuta ndi kompyuta ndi zomveka Kuwonjezera (disjunction) ndi zomveka chulutsa (molumikizana).

molumikizana

The ntchito mfundo zomveka "NDIPONSO" - Ndi ntchito ya kusankha wamng'ono wa operands awiri kapena N athandizira. Pa kulowa ntchito zimenezi zingathe awiri (bayinare ntchito), mfundo zitatu (ternary), kapena mopanda malire operands (n-shonale ntchito). Pamene kuwerengetsa zotsatira za ntchito ya adzakhala zing'onozing'ono za makhalidwe athandizira aperekedwe.

Analogue mu ajebura wamba ndi ntchito ya chulutsa. Choncho, ntchito molumikizana ndi zambiri amatchedwa ndi chulutsa zomveka. Pamene chizindikiro cha ntchito kujambula zochitika kapena chulutsa chizindikiro (mfundo) kapena ampersand. Tikakhala tebulo choonadi nchito imeneyi, izo ziwoneka kuti ntchito chikuyambika kuti "oona" kapena 1, koma ndi choonadi cha operands onse athandizira. Ngati mmodzi wa magawo athandizira ndi ziro, kapena mtengo "wabodza" chifukwa cha ntchito ya kudzakhala "wabodza".

Amasonyeza fanizo masamu chulutsa: chulutsa, ndipo chiwerengero kukukhala a manambala 0 chifukwa nthawi akubwerera 0. Izi ntchito mfundo ndi commutative: dongosolo limene amalandira magawo athandizira sikungawononge chifukwa komaliza mawerengedwe a.

Mbali ina ya ntchito imeneyi ndi associativity, kapena associativity. katundu Ichi chizathandiza mawerengedwe a akuyambira bayinare ntchito Kodi kuganizira dongosolo la kuwunika. Choncho, chifukwa 3 kapena zambiri zotsatizana zomveka chulutsa ntchito si kofunika kuganizira m'mabokosi. Mu mapulogalamu, nchito imeneyi kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo anaphedwa ngati akaphatikiza wa zinthu zina.

disjunction

The zomveka ntchito "KAPENA" - mawonekedwe a ntchito yake Buliyani, omwe ndi ofanana ndi Kuwonjezera algebraic. mayina ena nchito imeneyi - zomveka Komanso, disjunction. Mofananamo, ngati zomveka chulutsa ntchito, disjunction kungakhale bayinare (kuwerengera phindu ofotokoza mfundo ziwiri), ternary kapena N-shonale.

Choonadi tebulo opaleshoni zomveka ndi mtundu wa njira kuti molumikizana ndi. The ntchito mfundo zomveka "KAPENA" linaŵerengera zotsatira zabwino mwa mfundo yopezeka. Disjunction wolandira phindu linanena bungwe "wabodza" kapena 0 kokha pamene onse magawo athandizira analandira ndi mfundo 0 ( "wabodza"). Mu nkhani ina linanena bungwe adzakhala akamagwira phindu "zoona" kapena 1. kulemba nchito imeneyi nthawi zambiri ntchito chizindikiro masamu wa Kuwonjezera ( "kuphatikiza") kapena awiri n'kupanga choimirira. The zosinthika chachiwiri kofala zinenero zambiri mapulogalamu ndikusankha chifukwa zimathandiza kuti bwino nadzawasankhula ntchito zomveka a masamu a.

The katundu ambiri ntchito zomveka

Kuweta ntchito mfundo zomveka, kaya ndi unary, bayinare, ternary kapena zinthu zina, imvera malamulo ndi katundu amene amalongosola makhalidwe awo. Mmodzi mwa anthu amenewo katundu lofunika wogwidwa ndi ntchito pamwambapa anafotokoza mfundo ndi commutative.

Mbali Izi zipangitsa kuti permutation ntchito amayika mtengo operand sasintha. Osati ntchito zonse ndi chuma ichi. Mosiyana ndi molumikizana ndi disjunction kuti kukwaniritsa zofuna commutativity, ntchito ya masanjidwewo chulutsa si, ndi rearrangement a zinthu mu ntchito imeneyi zidzakhala zikuphatikizapo chifukwa cha kusintha, komanso exponentiation.

A Mbali ina yokhudza

Chinthu china chofunika, omwe kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito zamagetsi ndipo circuitry, ndi subordination wa awiriawiri zomveka ntchito De Morgan malamulo.

Malamulo amenewa kumumanga awiriawiri ntchito mfundo zomveka ntchito zomveka negation ntchito, kuti ntchito kunena ntchito zomveka ntchito zina. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito molumikizana negation lofotokozeredwa ndi disjunction negations operands osiyana. Malamulo amenewa zomveka ntchito "NDIPONSO", "KAPENA" ndi vzaimovyrazheny akhoza akuyendera ndi mtengo kochepa hardware. Mbali imeneyi ndi zothandiza kwambiri zomangidwa dera, monga timatha inu kupulumutsa chuma mu mawerengedwe ndi mapangidwe tchipisi.