Trans-Baikal Cossacks: mbiri, miyambo, miyambo ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku

Trans-Baikal Cossacks - yamabingu asilikaliwo - anali pa malire m'malekezero a Mama ndi linga la dongosolo la statehood. Kwambiri mtima, yokhala amphamvu sukulu, iwo kulithetsa anakana mdani mayunitsi bwino.

nkhani

Trans-Baikal Cossacks poyamba anaonekera mu makumi anai za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, pamene Don ndi Orenburg zadzipereka kusamukira ku chimanga chosakhwima yatsopano dziko Russian. Apa boma mipata kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chuma mchere, chiwerengero cha zomwe wafunsira nthano. Border ndi anansi kum'mawa osati mtendere kwambiri kuteteza, ndipo aposa Trans-Baikal Cossacks, ndi chodziwikiratu aliyense angachite.

Kunatanthauzanso anali nthawi zonse ndi maso kulamulira anthu akuderalo - ndi Buryats, amene adakali m'kati mwazi wa Genghis Khan, ndi Tungus, amenenso sakhulupirira mlendo. Trans-Baikal Cossacks ngati ndodo mwachangu, kutsogolera anapitiriza. Ndi awo anali linalanda kwa ufumu Ural, Orenburg, Siberia. Forts pa Angara ndi Lena anaika atsogoleri mayunitsi Cossack ndi Perfilieva Beketov, ndi pakati pa ofufuza woyamba, ife kulemekeza ngwazi yadziko, Cossack wofufuza Semona Dezhnova.

Maulendo loyamba

Choyamba ndi nyanja ya Baikal ine ndiri Kurbat Ivanov ndi Cossacks wake. Anayamba ndi kuthetsa ambiri Trans-Baikal, anakhazikitsa ndiponso kulimbitsa ubwenzi ndi mbadwa, amene anali ophunzitsidwa ndi ngakhale nthawi zambiri m'gulu zikuchokera asilikali. Trans-Baikal Cossacks, mbiri ya amene zokhudzana ndi kampeni Erofey Pavlovich Khabarova (1649), linali lofika ku Amur dera Russian, ndipo mu 1653 anali kale anamanga Chita ndende - likulu tsogolo la Trans-Baikal Cossacks. Paulo dzina Beketov, ndi Cossack, amene anaika mzinda wa Chita, wotchuka lero. Russia limakula magawo atsopano, wolemera kwambiri, zokongola ndi zothandiza.

Kwa Cossacks anapitiriza kusuntha kum'mawa, linga la Baikal kunali koyenera chabe. Anafika katswiri, kukhazikitsa moyo ndi moyo wa Trans-Baikal Cossacks, bungwe onse Cossack latsopano regiments kuti ndi pakati pa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu kupangidwa mu asilikali malire. Mwa njira, Buryats chifukwa cha militancy ake unabala. zopezeka kwawo chifukwa cha iwo zinalengedwa ndi ophunzitsidwa maalumali zambiri mwachindunji kulimbitsa amazilamulira malire. Ngakhale kuti malire boma ndi Mongolia kwina, ndi maonekedwe a Russian Manchuria mu malo awa sali bwino kwambiri, kani, pa mwake, ngati kusuntha anali lofunika. Choncho analengedwa zonse ndi pa nthawi ya khalidwe kochuruka kwa Cossacks.

ambit

Mu zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi kumalire a kum'mawa kale anapanga mzere wautali nyumba zokhalamo (forts), anamanga ndi Cossacks. Chapatsogolo nsanja miyambo duwa - "wosamalira", kumene chaka mozungulira ndi olondera wotchi anali ochepa Cossacks. Zonse kutumiza tauni iliyonse malire mu mapiri ndi steppes osiyanasiyana - ndi detachment wa twente-faifi kwa Cossacks zana.

Ndiko kuti, dera Cossacks Trans-Baikal kulenga mafoni malire mzere. Iwo amatithandiza inu mwa adani ndiponso anatha kubweza mdani paokha. Koma izo sizinali Cossacks zokwanira pa chotero yaitali mzere wammalire. Ndiyeno mfumu resettles kwambiri 'woyenda anthu "kumalire a kum'mawa kwa ntchito malire. Chiwerengero cha Cossacks mu Transbaikalia chawonjezeka kwambiri. Pomwepo adadza kuzindikira mwamwambo chabe asilikali Trans-Baikal Cossack - mu March 1871.

Bwanamkubwa-General

Ndinafika ndi njira iyi kuteteza malire a kum'mawa kwa N. N. Muravov, amene anali ntchito ya chilengedwe a asilikali Cossack, ndi Mfumu ndi nduna ya nkhondo ovomerezeka mofunitsitsa ntchito imeneyi. Kunja kwa mzinda wa dzikoli ndi lalikulu linali kulenga asilikali lamphamvu, chimene akhoza kupikisana ndi mdani aliyense. Pamafunikanso osati Don ndi Siberia Cossacks, koma Buryat ndi Tungus mapangidwe. Kuchuluka ndi anthu wamba a Transbaikalia.

chiwerengero cha asilikali anafika khumi zikwi, omwe anayamba utumiki seventini, napita pa holide kokha zaka fifite-eyiti. moyo wake wonse chikugwirizana ndi kuteteza malire. Apa, malingana utumiki iwo anapanga mwambo wa Trans-Baikal Cossacks, kuyambira moyo wawo wonse, ndi angamulerere ana, ndi imfa tikusonkhana ndi chitetezo cha boma. Pambuyo 1866 mwachindunji moyo utumiki langokhala zaka makumi awiri ndi ziwiri, ndatopa unit yomweyo asilikali anali buku lenileni la hayala ya Don asilikali.

Zochuluka ndi kugonjetsedwa

Palibe nkhondo la asilikali zaka zambiri, wopanda nawo Trans-Baikal Cossacks. Chinese kampeni - anali woyamba kulowa Beijing. Nkhondo ya Mukden ndi Port Arthur - ndi Cossacks amphamvu kuimba nyimbo kutali. Ndi Chirasha Japanese nkhondo ndi World Choyamba limodzi ndi nthano za mphamvu, opirira ndi mtima wa asilikali wosimidwa zabaykaltsev. Zigwirizane Trans-Baikal Cossacks - mdima wobiriwira yunifolomu ndi chikasu mikwingwirima - kuwopsa kwa asilikaliwo Japanese, ndipo ngati chiwerengero chawo si olumpha Cossacks nthawi zoposa zisanu, sanayese n'komwe kuukira. Inde, ndipo nthawi zambiri anataya manambala zikuluzikulu.

Ndi 1917, Cossack asilikali a Baikal pali kale anthu 260 sauzande. Panali 12 midzi yaikulu ndi 69 m'midzi ing'onoing'ono ndi 15 Pamudzi. Ankalimbikitsa mfumu kwa zaka zambiri, Iye anatumikira Yehova mokhulupirika mpaka dontho lotsiriza la magazi, ndi chifukwa zisinthe iwo sanamulandire, ndi Civil nkhondo mosazengereza anamenyana ndi Red Army. Iyo inali nthawi yoyamba pamene iwo sangapambane chifukwa chakuti kwawo kunali kwabwino. Choncho Harbin anapanga njuchi waukulu umene unalengedwa ndi extruded ku Russia Trans-Baikal Cossacks.

m'dziko lachilendo

Sikuti onse Trans-Baikal Cossacks nkhondo ndi boma latsopano Soviet, panali iwo amene anathandiza Maonekedwe. Komabe, ambiri anasiya motsogozedwa Baron Ungern ndi Ataman Semyonov ndi linatha mu China. Ndipo apa mu 1920, aliyense wa asilikali Cossack anali mphamvu Soviet inathetsedwa, kuti uli kusungunuka. Mu Manchuria ndi mabanja awo ndichoka khumi peresenti ya Trans-Baikal Cossacks, kumene iwo analenga Tryokhrechye - chiwerengero cha midzi.

Ku China nthawi zina iwo adabvuta Soviet anawazunza malire, koma anazindikira kuti akanagonjetsedwa ndi zokhoma. Iwo ankakhala miyambo yawo, moyo wawo mpaka 1945, pamene asilikali Soviet unkatchedwa zolawula pa Manchuria. Ndi nthawi chisoni kwambiri pamene yokutidwa ndi ulemerero transbaikalian asilikali Cossack anayamba kugwa kwathunthu. Ena anasamuka zina - kwa Australia - ndipo anakakhala ku Queensland, ena anabwerera kwawo, koma osati mu dera Trans-Baikal, ndi Kazakhstan, pamene padatsimikiza ndi kuthetsa. Ana a mabanja a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ku China kuti sanasiyidwa.

kubwerera

Likulu la Trans-Baikal Cossack nthawi zonse kuwerenga. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, uko linatsegulidwa chipilala Petru Beketovu, Cossack, woyambitsa wa mzinda uwu. History pang'onopang'ono kubwezeretsedwa, kubwezera moyo ndi miyambo ya Trans-Baikal Cossacks. Kodi kuyesera kuti abwezeretse chidziwitso anataya - malinga ndi zithunzi zakale, makalata, zolemba, ndi zikalata zina.

Pamwamba inu mukhoza kuwona zithunzi za Choyamba Verkhneudinsky Regiment, chimene chinali gawo la asilikali Cossack. Pa nthawi ya Regiment kuwombera ndinali mu yaitali - biennial - kukachita bizinesi ku Mongolia, komwe ulimi chinachitika mu 1911. Tsopano ife tikudziwa kuti Cossacks amamuthandizanso, oletsedwa asilikali Chinese inkatetezedwa kulankhulana ndipo, ndithudi, chamuna, monga mwa nthawi zonse, kumenyana. Mongolian kukwera pang'ono ndithu kudziwika. Izi zinali zambiri kuposa kutchula ina pa nthawi sanachite ngakhale Ataman Semyonov ndi Cossack mkulu, amene anakhala zipambano zambiri zimachitika yekha.

Ndipo panali anthu kwambiri mkulu-ukuuluka - ngakhalenso tsogolo White asilikali. Mwachitsanzo, mu chithunzi pamwambapa - G. A. Verzhbitsky, amene analephera kudya asilikali ake ndi mpanda wolimba angaloŵe Chinese - Sharasume.

miyambo

The Board nthawizonse wakhala Cossacks usilikali, ngakhale kuti mu zonse midzi asilikali anali makamaka anayamba ulimi, ng'ombe kuswana ndi zamanja zosiyanasiyana. The utumiki leni limanenedwa ndi moyo, ndi onse a moyo wa Cossack, mosasamala kanthu za udindo wake wa asilikali. M'dzinja anachitikira Field Service, yozizira anali nkhondowo maphunziro mobwerezabwereza udzatha. Komabe, kuponderezana komanso kupanda chilungamo pafupifupi anakumana mu Cossacks, panali chilungamo lalikulu chikhalidwe. Iwo kulanda dzikolo choncho chosiyanasiyana yakuti kuti aulande.

Amuna ngakhale ntchito m'minda, kusaka kapena kusodza anayamba zida monga nkhondo: mafuko woyendayendawu sanali anachenjeza za kuukira. Kuchokera pa kubadwa anazolowera kukwera ndi manja a ana ngakhale atsikana. Akazi otsala pa malo, pamene lonse wamwamuna anthu anali mu nkhondo, nthawi zambiri bwinobwino amaipidwa zankhanza ochokera m'mayiko. Kulingana mu Cossacks nthawizonse zakhala ziri. anthu chikhalidwe malo kutsogolera anasankhidwa ndi anzeru, aluso ndi kukhala kwambiri mtengo. Otchuka, chuma, magwero palibe udindo chisankho sanali kusewera. Ndipo kumvera atamans ndi chigamulo cha bwalo Cossack unquestioningly zonse kuyambira wamng'ono mpaka lalikulu.

chikhulupiriro

atsogoleri achipembedzo komanso anasankhidwa - anthu ambiri achipembedzo ndi kulemba. Wansembe anali mphunzitsi onse, ndiponso malangizo ake nthawi zonse ankatsatira. The Cossacks anali anthu ambiri amalolera Nthawi imeneyo, ngakhale kuti iwo kwambiri, ngakhale wopembedza, zoyenera Orthodoxy. Kulolerana chifukwa chakuti nthawi zonse asilikali Cossack anali Old Okhulupirira, Abuda, Achimuhamadi.

Mbali ya ulimi wa yokopa anatanthauza mpingo. Akachisi ndimachita mowolowa manja kuchotsedwa ndi siliva, golide, mbendera mtengo ndi kukhitchini. Moyo Cossacks kuwamva monga kutumikira Mulungu ndi dziko lawo, chifukwa konse theka mtima. ntchito iliyonse anachita m'njira.

Ufulu ndi udindo

Customs mu Cossacks wotere kuti pali mkazi amakhala ulemu ndi (ndi ufulu) monga amuna. Ngati Cossack kuyankhula kwa mkazi okalamba, iye ayenera kuyima, osati kukhala. Mu zochitika akazi Cossacks sanaloŵererepo, koma nthawi zonse kulondera akazi, kuteteza ndi kuteteza ulemu ndi ulemu. Choncho Kupeza ndi tsogolo la anthu onse. Zofuna Cossacks angaimire atate, mwamuna, m'bale, mwana, godson.

Ngati Cossack - wamasiye kapena mkazi wosakwatiwa, ndiye chimateteza Ataman munthu. Komanso, iye akanakhoza kusankha yekha nkhoswe ya m'mudzimo. Mulimonsemo, nthawi zonse anayenera kumvera ulamuliro uliwonse, ndipo onetsetsani kuthandiza. Lililonse Cossack ayenera kutsatira makhalidwe: kuunikira anthu onse akale monga atate awo ndi amayi, ndi mtsikana aliyense Cossack - ngati mlongo wake, wina Cossack - ngati m'bale, mwana aliyense - kukonda awo. Ukwati ndi wopatulika kwa Cossack a. Izi sacramenti Mkhristu, woyera. Palibe chingatilepheretse m'banja popanda kuitana kapena pempho. Udindo chirichonse chimene chimachitika m'banja, amabweretsa.

moyo

Kanyumba Trans-Baikal Cossacks hedged pafupifupi yofanana: ngodya wofiira ndi mafano, tebulo-uglovichkom, limene lili pafupi ndi chipewa Baibulo mapeyala ndi makandulo. Nthawi zina ili pafupi, matamandidwe a m'banja - galamafoni kapena limba. Khoma - nthawizonse wokometsedwera ndi bedi, yakale yoyendera, ndi dongosolo limene ngakhale agogo kupumula. A kunyada wapadera wa Cossacks - unatengera valance pa bedi, zingwe nsalu pillowcases pa cushions ambiri.

Musanakagone zambiri chagona wosakhazikika. Nearby ndi chifuwa chachikulu, amene anali malowolo a mtsikanayo, komanso akuyenda pachifuwa, wokonzeka nkhondo kapena utumiki. Pa makoma - kwambiri wa nsalu, zithunzi ndi zithunzi. M'khitchini - wangwiro nadraennaya cookware, zitsulo, samovar, mortars, jugs. Gulani ndi ndowa ya madzi. A uvuni woyera ndi misampha yonse - nsomba ndi mphika.

The zikuchokera kwa Trans-Baikal Cossacks

Pa chiyambi, panali pano ndi Evenki (Tungus) formations asilikali. Magulu anagawanika motere: regiments apakavalo atatu ndi brigades phazi atatu (oyamba lachitatu - Russian alumali, wachinayi - ndi Tunguska, wachisanu ndi chimodzi - Buryat) kulondera malire anagwira mkati utumiki, ndipo pamene mu 1854, zinachitikadi rafting pa Amur ndi zochokera anamanga m'malire pamodzi ndi onse a kum'mawa, palinso anali Amur Cossack asilikali. Kwa mmodzi, Trans-Baikal, mzere malire unali wautali kwambiri.

Mu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mochedwa ndi m'ma makumi awiri zabaykaltsy anasonyeza yamtendere alonda makumi asanu, anayi apakavalo regiments ndi mabatire awiri zida zankhondo. Nkhondo anafuna zambiri; kavalo-naini regiments, atatu yopuma zana ndi anayi mabatire zida zankhondo kuwonjezera pamwamba. Cossack anthu 265 zikwi utumiki anagwira anthu oposa zikwi khumi ndi zinai.

pano

Ndi kukonzanso kwa Trans-Baikal Cossacks anayamba chitsitsimutso chake: msonkhano mu Moscow mu 1990 Great Cossack bwalo, kumene anaganiza angakwanitse Trans-Baikal Cossacks. Chaka patapita Zachitika mpaka gulu la gulu loyimba lapansi. Njirayi imatchedwa - "Trans-Baikal Cossacks." Ataman kusankhidwa Chita, zinadziwika mu 2010 , Sergei Bobrov. Ndipo mu 2011, dzinali lakhala ambiri taonera 160 wazaka chikumbutso kuyambira maonekedwe a Cossacks Baikal.

Hymn Trans-Baikal Cossacks anakhalabe pafupi zofanana, palibe anayamba kuimba wokondedwa Zabaykal, musati kuchotsa kapu yake kapena kutsogolo kwa mmodzi wa gulu mdani, mwa ndakatulo kwambiri sewn mu buluu pa Nyanja ya Baikal ndi sunbeam ngati mikwingwirima Cossack (yellow), komanso amaimba za chikondi kwa Russia, za kukumbukira anatumikira makolo ake .