Tungsten okusayidi apamwamba

okusayidi Tungsten ndi chimodzi mwa refractory kwambiri mu kalasi zinthu zochita kupanga. Pofuna makhalidwe a zitsulo, kudziwa ubwino wa zitsulo yokha.

tungsten Features

Kumvetsa ntchito okusayidi tungsten, dziwani kuti zitsulo iyoyomwe ndi kukana magetsi, koyefishienti cha kuwonjezedwa liniya, mkulu limatsogolera mfundo.

A tungsten koyera mkulu ductility. Zitsulo kusungunuka mu chidulo kokha pamene usavutike ^kutentha 5000 C. Iwo amachitira ndi mpweya, n'kupanga monga mankhwala ndi zimene carbide tungsten. Pawiri chotsatira ali mphamvu yapamwamba.

Ambiri tungsten okusayidi - tungsten trioxide. The mwayi waukulu ndi luso pawiri kubwezeretsa ufa zitsulo kupanga monga mwa zinthu za oxides m'munsi.

Zitsulo ali mkulu osalimba, friability ndi luso pa otsika kutentha kupanga okusayidi tungsten.

kasakaniza wazitsulo tungsten

Asayansi olekanitsidwa osakwatiwa-gawo yonse ya kasakaniza wazitsulo, amene mbali umodzi kapena kuposerapo. The ambiri odziwika pawiri wa tungsten ndi molybdenum. Aloyi Alloying mchitidwe molybdenum tungsten kumawonjezera kwamakokedwe mphamvu.

kasakaniza wazitsulo Single-gawo amaonedwa kukhala mankhwala: tungsten - zirconium, tungsten -gafny, tungsten - niobium. Zolemba malire ductility tungsten rhenium Ufumuyo. Powonjezera zilibe bwanji ntchito za zitsulo refractory.

Kukonzekera zitsulo

Ochiritsira njira silingalandire tungsten refractory kasakaniza wazitsulo: akuyesetsa limatsogolera mfundo zitsulo yomweyo amapita ku mawonekedwe gaseous. Cholinga chachikulu ndi yokonza electrolysis koyera zitsulo. Mu lonse mafakitale kupeza tungsten zitsulo aloyi ufa ntchito. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kulenga zinthu zapadera processing ntchito kuyamwa.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Tungsten okusayidi, WO ₃ amene chilinganizo amatchedwa kuti pawiri apamwamba. Iye sadzafika m'chilengedwe mu maonekedwe ake angwiro, koma ndi gawo la tungsten ores. The ndondomeko ya m'zigawo ndi processing wa zitsulo refractory kumafuna magawo angapo.

Apamwamba okusayidi wa tungsten ndi pambuyo pa misa miyala. Komanso patsogolo pawiri imachitidwa ndi mankhwala ndi zitsulo akutali koyera.

Mu kupanga ndondomeko ndi woonda tungsten waya kuonera kuti kuchotsa kwathunthu zosafunika lapansi. Apo ayi, makhalidwe luso la chotsirizidwa adzakhala kwambiri yafupika.

Madera a ntchito tungsten

Kodi kuchira okusayidi tungsten? Hayidirojeni, amene interacts ndi pawiri, ndipo amathandiza kuti zitsulo koyera. Ndi chofunika kupanga chingwe filament, kulenga machubu X-ray, chophimba heaters ndi ng'anjo zingalowe amene prednaznachngy ntchito pa kutentha.

Zitsulo, m'mene amafotokozera alloying ndi tungsten, yodziwika ndi katundu mkulu mphamvu. Zamgululi zopangidwa aloyi otere ntchito popanga zipangizo zachipatala, kudula oyika kwa zitsime pobowola. The mwayi waukulu pawiri la imatengedwa kugonjetsedwa mapindikidwe makina.

Mwina yatsoka ndi mphamvu ya ming'alu chotsirizidwa ndi tchipisi ndi otsika kwambiri. The mtundu wotchuka wa zitsulo, amene tungsten ali nawo, amaona kuti apambane.

Kuyambira lero zidutswa zitsulo osowa opangidwa catalysts high quality, utoto zosiyanasiyana, inki wapadera ndi m. N. Mu mafakitale zamakono nyukiliya chimagwiritsidwa ntchito crucibles tungsten ndi makontena kwa nyukiliya kutaya zinyalala.

refractoriness zitsulo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu kuwotcherera Arc. Popeza tungsten mu mawonekedwe woyera imatengedwa ndi zitsulo zina, kakonzedwe kake ka kukonzekera ikuchitika patsogolo ndi yobwezeretsanso ndi tungsten miyala. Mu mawonekedwe woyera ali kuwala mtundu imvi ndi khalidwe zachitsulo luster. Standard tungsten kasakaniza wazitsulo, amatchedwa stellite, komanso amapanga cobalt ndi chromium. Mbali yaikulu mu mankhwala amenewa akutumikira cobalt. Kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi mu ankafuna mu luso lopanga.

oxides tungsten

Kodi okusayidi makamaka tungsten (6), chilinganizo chimene ali mawonekedwe a WO _3? Zitsulo akhoza kuonetsa limati makutidwe ndi okosijeni zosiyanasiyana: bata pazipita ndi mitundu ndi valence zitsulo (4) ndi (6). WO woyamba kugwirizana mtundu ₂ limati kuti oxides acidic ndipo ali ndi makhalidwe awa: mfundo mkulu limatsogolera ndi osalimba makamaka. Izi pawiri mankhwala pafupifupi insoluble m'madzi koma pamene usavutike akhoza zidzasungunuka mu zidulo ndi alkalis. Makampani mankhwala agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chothandizira zina zochita. Mwachitsanzo, WO amakulitsa ₂ ntchito popanga mankhwala ceramic.

Tungsten okusayidi kukhala valence a (6) akusonyeza khalidwe katundu acidic. pawiri Izi anachitira ndi alkalis, koma sangathe Kutha mu madzi. Popeza kuti mkulu limatsogolera mfundo pawiri, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kokha ngati njira accelerator mankhwala.

Pomaliza

M'kupita zimapangidwira zochita kupanga tikunena kuphunzira oxides, ndi kusanthula katundu wawo ndi makhalidwe primeneniyav makampani. Mwachitsanzo, mu chomaliza Kupenda chinayi graders ntchito kupereka motere: "kulemba oxides chilinganizo yamkuwa, yachitsulo ndi tungsten, komanso kudziwa katundu pamoyo mankhwala."

Pofuna kulimbana ndi ntchito, muyenera kukhala ndi maganizo a mbali ya oxides lapansi. Akuti mankhwala amene bayinare, amene amafotokozera chachiwiri ndi oxygen. oxides zonse m'kagulu m'magulu atatu: Mfundo zikuluzikulu, m'maderawo amphoteric.

Chitsulo ndi mkuwa ndizo zinthu za kusintha gulu, kotero angakhale variable valence. Pakuti mkuwa akhoza kulembedwa yachiwiriyo yekha oxides naonetsere katundu zofunika - Cu ₂ O ndi CuO.

Iron si mbali yaikulu boma gulu la zinthu mankhwala, choncho pali makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +2 ndi +3. Nthawi imeneyi, mitundu zotsatirazi oxides anapanga - FeO ndi Fe ₂ O _3.

Tungsten mu mankhwala bayinare ndi mpweya zambiri amasonyezera valence (4) ndi (6). Onse okusayidi zitsulo kuonetsa katundu acidic, kotero iwo ntchito makampani monga accelerators mankhwala zako.

Cholinga cha oxides tungsten ndi kudzipatula izi zitsulo oyera kufunika mu mankhwala ndi zitsulo m'mafakitale.