Undemocratic ulamuliro: lingaliro, mitundu. Opondereza ndi authoritarian zipani

ankhanza Undemocratic kugwera authoritarian ndi wankhanza. Akuimira boma zochokera ulamuliro wa wolamulira mwankhaza kapena chigamulo cha osankhika lakutali. Ku maiko ngati anthu wamba sangathe khama kukakamiza akuluakulu. Ndi ankhanza sanali demokalase kugwirizana ndi nkhondo zambiri, uchigawenga ndi zoopsa zina despotism.

Features ya Ulamuliro

Aliyense boma sanali demokalase limaletsa anthu gwero la udindo mphamvu. M'dziko loterolo dongosolo kulamulira nzika kwakukulukulu sangathe kulowerera pa zochitika za boma. Komanso, anthu amene simuli osankhika, kodi akumanidwa ufulu ndi kumasulika. ankhanza Non-demokalase anawagawa mitundu iwiri - opondereza ndi authoritarian. Kapena ndi choncho ina, de facto demokalase kulibe. Onse thandizo utsogoleri ndi mphamvu anaikira mu manja a gulu lina la anthu, ndi zina kwathunthu munthu.

Maziko chachikulu chimene chimakhazikika ndi opondereza sanali demokalase ulamuliro - chithunzi cha mtsogoleri, zomwe kawirikawiri zimabweretsa gulu mphamvu (gulu lankhondo, etc ...). Mphamvu okhumudwa umachitika mpaka posachedwapa chifukwa njira iliyonse. Poyerekezera ndi ntchito anthu monga chiwawa. Pa nthawi yomweyo boma lopondereza akuyesa kuoneka yovomerezeka. Kuti tichite zimenezi, ankhanza amenewa kufunafuna misa anzawo chifukwa mabodzawo, maganizo, zimakhudza andale ndi azachuma.

Mu Ulamuliro mosatsata maziko awo yapachiweniweni anthu ndi ufulu. ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu njira zambiri ogosudarstvlivaetsya. Opondereza Party wakhala adafuna kulowa nyumba iliyonse m'dera - kuboma oyang'anira tauni ku mabwalo luso. Nthawi zina zatsopano ameneŵa kungakhale bwanji moyo ndi wolimba wa munthu. Ndipotu anthu onse cogs yaing'ono makina yaikulu m'njira imeneyi. Undemocratic boma losweka pansi pa nzika iliyonse poyesa kusokoneza n'zodalirika wake. Ulamuliro zimapangitsa chokana zotheka osati ndi anthu wamba, komanso ndi wopondereza anapita. N'zofunika kuti tilimbikitse ndi kusungabe mphamvu monga mantha nthawi alikukonzeka amasunga ena ali chiimire.

propaganda

A lililonse lopondereza anthu ali ndi makhalidwe angapo. Iwo amakhala pansi pa kachitidwe kamodzi chipani cha ulamuliro apolisi, okhawo a nkhani ndi atolankhani. A boma lopondereza sangaonekerenso popanda ambiri pa moyo chuma dziko. Malingaliro a boma limeneli, monga ulamuliro, ndi zosatheka. Chigamulo osankhika amagwiritsa mawu za kwambiri exclusivity tsogolo la anthu ndi ntchito yapadera mtsogoleri anthu.

Aliyense boma sanali demokalase chofunika ntchito zokopa chifaniziro chawo cha mdani ndi amene amenya nkhondo. Otsutsa kungakhale imperialists yachilendo, Democrats, komanso Ayuda awo, kulaks ndi osawuka kwambiri. E. Adani ndi tizirombo mphamvu amenewa ndi zolephera zawo zonse ndi matenda mkati mwa anthu. apamwamba amenewa limachititsa kusonkhanitsa anthu kulimbana ndi adani zosaoneka ndi woona, kukusokonezani iwo ku mavuto awo.

Mwachitsanzo, andale boma ulamuliro wa USSR nthawi zonse anatembenukira kwa mutu adani kunja ndi mkati msilikali wa nzika Soviet. Mu Soviet Union zina anamenyana ndi bourgeoisie, ndi zibakera, tizirombo munkapezeka ulimi, akazitape ndi adani ambiri achilendo. Ake "heyday" opondereza anthu mu USSR anafikira mu 1930s ndi.

ndi ulamuliro wa mfundo

Mphamvu yogwira uli kuyika chipsyinjo pa adani awo maganizo, mphamvu za kufunika kwa dongosolo chipani chimodzi chokha. yekha limakupatsani kuthetseratu kukambirana. Mphamvu zimatengera mtundu wa choimirira, kumene anthu "m'munsi" ankatsatira kutchula yotsatira ambiri mzere phwando. Mu mawonekedwe a piramidi pali gulu la Nazi ku Germany. Hitler anafunika chida champhamvu kuti akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za Mfumu. Nazi sanamvere pali zina yokha. Iwo mopanda chisoni anachitira ndi adani ake. Pa anatenga mmunda ndale za boma latsopanolo chakhala kosavuta kuti agwire ntchito yake.

Kupondereza - ichi makamaka ndi ntchito maganizo. Olamulira amphamvu akhoza kufotokoza mfundo zake sayansi (monga Achikominisi kulankhula za kulimbana kalasi), kapena malamulo a chilengedwe (a chipani cha Nazi kukangana, anafotokoza kufunika yofunika kwambiri Nation German). propaganda opondereza nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi maphunziro ndale, zosangalatsa ndiponso zochita misa. Amenewa anali German torchlight akuguba. Ndipo lero kufanana chibadidwe mu perete ku Korea North ndi carnivals ku Cuba.

mfundo za chikhalidwe

Classic opondereza ulamuliro - ulamuliro kwathunthu subordinated chikhalidwe ndi masuku pamutu izo pa zofuna zawo. M'mayiko opondereza ndi wamba yaikulu zomangamanga ndi zipilala za atsogoleri. Cinema ndi mabuku ukunenedwa kukuwa dongosolo lachifumu. Ntchito ngati simungathe mfundo ndi Kutsutsa kuti alipo. Mu mabuku ndi mafilimu likusonyeza zabwino zonse, ndipo lonjezo la "moyo wakhala bwino, moyo wakhala merrier" mwa iwo n'kofunika.

Zoopsya mu ntchito dongosolo zonse ukugwira molumikizana pafupi ndi kukwezedwa. Popanda maganizo ongowalingalirawa amalakatika amadza chifukwa cha akuluakulu anthu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo Kukwezeleza yokha sangathe mokwanira bwanji nzika popanda mafunde zonse mantha. Opondereza ndale za boma zambiri Chili mfundo ziwirizi. Pankhaniyi, zimene mwamantha akhala chida mabodza.

Chiwawa ndi kukula

Ulamuliro sangaonekerenso popanda mabungwe yazamalamulo ndi ulamuliro wawo wa pa mbali zonse za anthu. Ndi chida ichi, akuluakulu a bungwe la kulamulira anthu. Moyang'aniridwa pafupi ndi zonse kwa gulu lankhondo ndi maphunziro zaluso. Ngakhale chidwi ndi mbiri ya munthu amadziwa Gestapo, NKVD, Stasi ndi njira zawo ntchito. Kwa iwo, watchedwa chiwawa ndi kuyang'aniridwa okwana anthu. Mu nkhokwe zizindikiro zawo chogwirika cha ulamuliro undemocratic: kumangidwa chinsinsi, kuzunzidwa m'ndende kwa nthawi yaitali. Mwachitsanzo, mu USSR wakuda nyuzi ndi kukagogoda pa khomo unakhala chizindikiro cha lonse la nyengo chisanadze nkhondo. "Pakuti kupewa" mantha akhoza kupita ngakhale anthu okhulupirika.

Opondereza ndi authoritarian boma zambiri amamuchititsa Kupititsa kuwonjezeka kwa anansi ake. Mwachitsanzo, kumanja phiko ankhanza a Italy ndi Germany, panali chiphunzitso lonse za "zosowa zofunika" danga kukula tsogolo ndi kutukuka kwa mtundu. Ndinachoka lingaliro ili ananamizira ngati "Kukwera dziko," kuthandiza proletarians mayiko ena, ndi zina zotero D..

authoritarianism

Wotchuka wofufuza Huan Lints Powafotokozera makhalidwe yaikulu ya boma authoritarian. Izi ndi malire a zipani, kupanda bwino kukutsogolerani mfundo ndi mlingo wochepa zokhudza anthu a zandale. Kulankhula chabe, kuti authoritarianism angatchedwe mawonekedwe ofatsa a Ulamuliro. mitundu yonse ya m'maulamuliro sanali demokalase, koma yosiyana madigiri a remoteness ku mfundo za demokalase ulamuliro.

A mbali zonse za authoritarianism kiyi Umutu ndi kupanda zipani. Sidedness analandira maganizo angathe kukhala chabe de A facto, monga akhoza anakonza lamulo. Zoletsa makamaka bwanji magulu chidwi chachikulu ndi mayanjano ndale. Pa pepala, angakhale amaona kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, authoritarianism anavomereza kukhalako kwa "palokha" maphwando a boma, lomwe kwenikweni chidole, kapena zopandapake kwambiri bwanji zoona zenizeni za vutolo. Kupezeka kwa achiŵiri ngati - njira kulenga mode wosakanizidwa. Iye akhoza kukhala kuwonetsa demokalase, koma onse a asilikali ake mkati ntchito malinga ndi mzere ambiri wofotokozedwa pamwamba ndi unexceptional.

Nthawi zambiri authoritarianism chabe mwala pakupita pa njira Ulamuliro. State mphamvu zimadalira chikhalidwe la mabungwe a boma. Ulamuliro sangakhoze anamanga usiku. Kuti alenge ngati dongosolo, pamafunika nthawi (kwa zaka zingapo makumi). Ngati boma anayamba chomaliza "crackdown", ndiye nthawi ina komabe kukhala authoritarian. Komabe, monga kuphatikiza malamulo malamulo opondereza adzakhala zambiri kutaya zinthu izi kunyengalera.

ankhanza hybrid

Pamene dongosolo authoritarian a boma akhoza kusiya zotsala za anthu boma kapena ena a zanyengo. Komabe, mosiyana ndi zofunika izi zipani mophiphiritsa kudalira yekha pa utsogoleri wolowezana komanso ndife osiyana ndi anthu ambiri. Iwo ndi kudzilamulira kusintha. Ngati anthu ndi kufunsa maganizo awo (mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe a plebiscites), ndiye kuti anachita "mwachiphamaso" ndipo kokha kuti koletsedwa dongosolo unakhazikitsidwa kale. boma Authoritarian sayenera anthu asonkhanitsidwa (zotsutsana ndi dongosolo opondereza), chifukwa popanda motsimikiza mfundo ndi ambiri mantha anthu awa posapita nthawi tuluka motsutsana ndi dongosolo alipo.

Kodi aliyense ali osiyana kwambiri zokomela sanali demokalase boma? Ndipo anthu awiri onsewa pali dongosolo masankho, koma vuto lake ndi mosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, US ndale boma zikudalira pa chifuniro cha nzika, pamene dongosolo authoritarian chisankho ndi zachinyengo. Chopambanitsa boma lamphamvu tingagwiritse ntchito zinthu utsogoleri kuti iyende ankafunila mu referenda. Ndipo mu chisankho cha Pulezident kapena aphungu, iye ankakonda ndikutsuka munda ndale, pamene anthu apatsidwa mwayi kuti kuvotera "oyenerera" phungu. Pankhaniyi, zotsatira ndondomeko chisankho zasungidwa kunja.

Pamene authoritarian mfundo kudzikonda akhoza m'malo ndi ulamuliro wa chipembedzo, miyambo ndi chikhalidwe. Ndi zopambana izi mode zimapangitsa yokha yovomerezeka. Kutsindika mwambo sakonda kusintha, conservatism - zonsezi ndi khalidwe dziko ya mtundu uwu.

The junta ankhondo ndi kupondereza

Authoritarianism - ambiri lingaliro. Pakuti n'zotheka kunyamula zosiyanasiyana machitidwe kulamulira. Nthawi zambiri mu nkhani iyi ikukwaniritsa asilikali malamulo boma, ozikidwa pa kupondereza asilikali. Pakuti boma yodziwika ndi pakalibe mfundo. Chigamulo Mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano wa asilikali ndi ogwira. US ndale boma, ngati aliyense demokalase dziko lina, mwanjira ina zikugwirizana ndi magulu zamphamvu. Komabe, mu dongosolo kumalamuliridwa ndi demokalase, ngakhale usilikali kapena ogwira atanyamula lalikulu aulemu.

Cholinga chachikulu cha pamwamba ananena kuti authoritarian ulamuliro - kufafaniza anthu yogwira, kuphatikizapo ing'onoing'ono chikhalidwe, mitundu ndi zipembedzo. Iwo akhoza angabweretse choopsa kwa olamulira, chifukwa ali bwino kudziletsa gulu kuposa anthu ena a dziko. Mu asilikali boma authoritarian posts zonse zigwire ntchito monga olamulira asilikali. Iyi ndi ulamuliro wa munthu, ndi junta asilikali wapangidwa osankhika chigamulo (chinali junta ku Greece mu 1967-1974.).

Corporate authoritarianism

Mu dongosolo ang'onoang'ono kwa m'maulamuliro sanali demokalase amakonda okhawo chifaniziro mu mphamvu ya magulu ena chidwi. okhumudwa n'lakuti m'mayiko kwambiri kutukula wafika adzakwaniritsadi, ndi kampani ndi chidwi chotenga nawo mbali mu moyo ndale. Corporate authoritarianism - chinali pakati pa chipani chimodzi chokha ulamuliro ndi chipani misa.

Chizindikiro zochepa zinthu kuvumbitsira mosavuta inatheka. Boma, zochokera wosanjikiza zina chikhalidwe, angathe kulanda mphamvu, nthawi yomweyo kupereka mapepala okhala ndi magulu umodzi kapena kuposerapo. okhumudwa analiko Portugal mu 1932-1968 gg. pamene Salazar.

The mitundu ndi atsamunda authoritarianism

A mtundu wapadera authoritarianism anatuluka mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XX, pamene madera osiyanasiyana a dziko (makamaka Africa) ufulu wodzilamulira ku mphamvu zawo atsamunda. M'madera amenewa, Yehova waliteteza ndi mlingo wochepa wa moyo anthu. N'chifukwa chake authoritarianism pambuyo atsamunda kumeneko inamangidwa "m'munsi". udindo Ofunika anapeza osankhika, amene ali chuma ochepa zachuma.

Support kwa ankhanza amenewa akhala mawu a ufulu wa dziko, limene atumiki ina mavuto mkati. Chifukwa cha ufulu kungoganiza poyerekezera ndi anthu akale matauni ndi wokonzeka akuluakulu levers boma. The vuto m'madera amenewa, mwambo akhala zolimba, izo amadwala kumadziona kuti ndine wolephera ndi mikangano ndi anansi.

A mawonekedwe osiyana authoritarianism angatchedwe otchedwa mtundu demokalase. boma ili lili ndi zinthu zambiri boma ufulu. Iwo ali ka masankho ofuna, koma chisankho saloledwa mamembala a makamaka strata mitundu, pamene ena onse okhala m'dzikolo ataponyedwa m'nyanja ndale. Udindo wa wopanda khalidwe kapena lokhazikika de A jure kapena de A facto. Mkati magulu mwayi anaona mmene mpikisano demokalase. Komabe, lochitira alipo wa mitundu ndi gwero la mavuto chikhalidwe. Mokondera chiŵerengero anakhalabe ndi mphamvu ya boma ndi zinthu zake boma. Chitsanzo kwambiri konyezimira wa demokalase mitundu - boma posachedwapa mu South Africa, komwe Tsankho mfundo zofunika.