United States mu yoyamba ya padziko lonse: mfundo mbiri

Kale pa chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri ndi United States anali mphamvu mafakitale, akhoza kupikisana ndi erasure aliyense European. The First World nkhondo inatheka chifukwa America patapita nthawi yaitali kuposa ogwirizana onse, koma izo anamupatsa kuti kwambiri zimenezi. United States mu yoyamba ya padziko lonse zinthu dodgy Odyssey. M'pomveka dziwani kuti zimenezi watengedwa ndi iwo pa manja ndi ena yofanana ntchito ngakhale masiku ano.

kwambiri kuchenjerera

Mu 1918, July ndi August anapeza asilikali mwina German ndipo Franco-Anglo-American akulimbana ndi magazi kuchokera Marne Mtsinje. General German amanyansidwa anali otsiriza, monga nkhondo kunapezeka kuti tsoka kwa iwo, ndipo zinachititsa kuti kugonjetsedwa komaliza. Ndi pamene asilikali US woyamba adakwatira pankhondo kukutsogolerani. Pamaso kuti panali thandizo pa zachuma, osati wopanda phindu zinazake. United States mu yoyamba ya padziko lonse, ngakhale kuthetsa mavuto padziko lonse, amene anatulutsa ndi dziko wotchuka kwambiri. Tikumbukenso kuti 1913 mafakitale wa United States patsogolo pa dziko lonse, zinabala zambiri chitsulo bwino kwambiri anali migodi.

Ngati Tikayerekeza deta pa magawo a Europe ndi US, pamodzi France, Britain, Germany, malasha si ncho. US World nkhondo kwambiri kulalikira mwakhama ake zachuma. Ogwirizana nkhondo, choncho iye kukumana ndi mavuto. The United States mogwirizana ndi ena a m'mayikowo zamanga kuonjezera kupanga ndi theka. Apa tisaiwale kuti anali ndi dzanja kuwala kwa zoopsa za anthu, konse pamaso amayenda ulendo odziwa: America kupereka mankhwala ndi mabomba a m'mayikowo ake, motero zawachitikira mofulumira. Koma kuti atchule asilikali awo US mu yoyamba ya padziko lonse mofulumira ayi.

phwando la anapambana pa

Choncho, zochita lankhondo la United States ankakonda udindo milandu ( "woweruza abwino", malinga ndi Pulezidenti Wilson). Komabe, atazindikira denouement bwino mu Washington nkhawa. Mwadzidzidzi zimachitika kuti pangano mtendere lonjezolo, ndi "phwando la opambana," iwo alibe malo. Only mu 1917 chisankho anapangidwa, ndipo potsiriza zinatenga kulowa US mu First World nkhondo. Izi pang'ono owomboledwa mawu odana American mwa ogwirizana ndi. Eyite-faifi zikwi US asilikali analowa asilikali a Marne. Bane anadikira theka la iwo. The ogwirizana, ndiyenera kunena mfundo anataya miyandamiyanda. Goals amene ankabwerera kulowa US mu First World nkhondo ndi yomveka.

Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri Andrei Malov, America ankagulitsa mwakhama kwambiri ndi mitundu yonse chikumenyana kupereka benefiti, kunachititsa makampani kalasi, kuchepetsa ulova. Ndipo nthawi kuti agwirizane nkhondo, pamene iyo inali nthawi kugawanitsa chitumbuwa. Iwo anali Gulu ili nawo. Panali gulu la dziko, komabe kuwongolera zotsatira za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse la United States. Pambuyo mapeto a mtendere mbali chidwi kulengedwa kwa League of Nations, ku kumasulidwa kwa Belgium, mu kubwerera kuthandiza French Lorraine ndi Alsace, patsogolo ya m'dziko la Serbia ndi kutulutsidwa kwa iye m'nyanja, ndi US anatenga mu kubwezeretsa kwa Poland. Anaphika pa umoyo wa maiko ena? Ayi, mwina ayi.

"Education" demokalase mwa njira iliyonse

US mwamphamvu ananyamula lonse chipangizo dilapidated dziko. mfundo zachuma panthawi ya nkhondo ndi maperesenti oposa makumi anai a nkhokwe dziko la golide mu United States mabanki ndi maboma ena ife awachitira madola mabiliyoni khumi - pa nthawi imeneyo kuchuluka yaikulu. Wilson ndi m'malo anafola dongosolo limene kwambiri anakumana ndiAmene Komanso, iye tsopano ntchito. Neocons pambuyo Roosevelt anakonza zotsatira za First World nkhondo kwa United States: "Ndife chitsanzo cha demokalase ndi kufunika kuphunzitsa anthu ena onse mwa njira iliyonse." Kale kuyambira 1918 mayiko waukulu European ngongole ku United States ndi mibadwo awiri patsogolo.

Kodi chimachitika tsopano? Dziko lonse akuwafuna, ndi kulipira izo mmbuyo sadzakhala zotheka mpaka masiku otsiriza kwambiri za moyo wa anthu. The United States pa First World nkhondo analenga maziko abwino. Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo anasefukira lonse la Europe, alendo American, amene aphunzira ntchito kusiyana mitengo kuwombola. Young azungu kwambiri nsanje malinga ngati njira American moyo sanakhaliretu chinthu onyenga akhungu: patsogolo luso, ndi malonda ake poizoni zipatso, ndi gloss. The USSR anali womaliza mwa njira iyi, kupatsana ufulu "Snickers". Ndipotu ufulu si mu kupezeka kwa manyazi ndi, ndi ufulu wofanana ndi nyumba, maphunziro, ntchito, yopuma. Ngongole osavuta kuti asangokhala ndi mafasho ndi vuto lokhala wosasangalala, koma anafunikira wolamulira mbali ya chuma ndale. Global hegemony. Russia ndi United States mu nkhondo World Ndimasewera maudindo zosiyana, kenako mapeto ao imafalira m'njira ziwiri zosiyana kwathunthu - kwa zotsutsa.

League of Nations

Kuyambira mu 1914, US ikuchitika ayendetsa zamtendere polenga zakulse ndi kusewera mitundu yonse ya ngozi zoterezi, pokhalabe ndi udindo ndale. Izo zinali kokha mu March 1917 (6 April pa kalendala ya Gregory), Washington anazindikira kuti n'zosatheka machenjerero zina. Pamene US analowa yoyamba ya padziko lonse, Pulezidenti Wilson bwino asanaganize zinthu: kotheka kupulumutsa inatembenuka kwa itanitsiranitu nkhondo, amene United States ankaimba sekondale, borderland ntchito pa dziko la mgwirizano wa mayiko. Komabe, iwo ndi Entente sanali yokhala chikugwirizana, nakhalabe kucheza membala ake. Choncho akasamuka ufulu udindo mgwirizano, mwangwiro mgwirizano, amene kwambiri kukodzedwa nkhondo. Koma kukhala mfulu mawu a annexations ndi reorganizations Kupititsa United States ndi opanda pake mwamtheradi, nchifukwa chake United States analowa First World nkhondo.

The Entente nthawi zonse akukumana likuwonjezekabe amafuna thandizo ku America. Ndipo osati zachuma ndi zida, koma asilikali. Wilson analengeza US cholinga pankhondo imeneyi, yomwe kwathunthu likutsutsa mfundo Loona za mgwirizano wachibale wa asilikali pa mtengo wa imfa ya lamanja la anthu kwa kukhalanso. maulamuliro, ngati United States amakhulupirira kuti kwasanduka kuphwanya mfundo kukhalanso zikutanthauza kuti dongosolo la dziko sadzakhala zisathe. Ndicho chifukwa Wilson anafunsidwa kuti alenge latsopano, okhazikika thupi lonse, limene lakonzedwa kuti kutsatira chitetezo chofanana ndi kuonetsetsa kuthetsa chilungamo mikangano yonse ya mayiko. Maziko a ntchito opangidwa ndi League of Nations anakhala mfundo kwa ambiri anavomera, lomwe ndi kukhalanso a mitundu pano. Choncho, cholinga cha US mu nkhondo World anakhala lalikulu, ngakhale mochedwa kwambiri kumayambiriro kwake.

London, Paris, Moscow

Pamene akukonzekera kulengedwa kwa League of Nations, Wilson adayesetsa ogwirizana kuti poyamba bungwe lotero ndi chilengedwe chonse ndi angathandizire onse chitetezo cha maulendo nyanja ntchito malire limati aliyense wa dziko ndi kupewa nkhondo zonse anayamba ndi kuphwanya udindo contractual. Kugonjera kwa wamba nkhani lonse la maganizo dziko pagulu. Paris ndi London amaonedwa kukhazikitsa zofunika ndi Wilson, kutali kuchokera ku chenicheni ndipo kwambiri kwakukulukulu chabe. Mwachidule, ngakhale akupeza David Lloyd George, palibe Zhorzha Klemanso pempholo chiyani poyamba akumvera. Mavuto Europe anali kwambiri kukanikiza: nkhondo osati pokuza, ngati US blyuli chosalowerera ndale mu kumbuyo mlanduwo akhala zonse zoipa: Menya, odana ndi nkhondo, ndipo ngakhale Vatican anakhala mkhalapakati mayiko kumenyana. Kotero izo zinali zotheka kutaya nkhondo.

kwambiri, si zonse anapita bwino ndi kulemekeza Russia. Akuyesetsa kuti abwereze zinthu zenizeni kale chachitika, ndi zofuna za Russia kwambiri kukanakhala kumuphwanyira pa, onse ku Ulaya ndi ku Middle East mu pangano mtendere m'tsogolo. Ndiye Provisional Government ndipo kusinthitsa maganizo ndi US zamtendere ntchito, kuyesa kuti asilikali ndi thandizo la zachuma, kuphatikiza ubwino yachilendo zachuma. Mu Russia, ngati izo zonse zinali zoipa: vutoli si chuma, komanso ndale, kugwa wathunthu wa asilikali ndipo anatumizidwa ku kutsogolo. Angakuthandizeni Russia wakhala wosadalirika kwambiri. Ogwirizana anatenga kuthana ndi vuto: ankayang'anira kutumiza England anapereka kwa nkhondowo imapanga asilikali Russian, France, United States chinkhoswe mu zoyendera sitima. Kumayambiriro November 1917, Provisional Government kwambiri anaona tsogolo lowala cha ulamuliro wake, ndipo anachita kusonyeza kudzipereka kwawo kwa nkhondo mpaka kumapeto owawa. Koma pa November 7, kalembedwe latsopano ndi chizindikiro wake: "Ndani apa nthawi pati?" - anafika.

chosalowerera

Kuyambira mu 1914 mpaka 1917 United States anasonyeza chifundo kwa mayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, koma sankalowerera, ndi chokhumba kuti zilamulire. Wilson anasonyeza kuti ozunguza zowononga zotsatira nkhondo wake, anayesa kuti ayimire, kukwaniritsa dziko popanda kupambana wina aliyense. Kupambana si korona. Mwina chifukwa mikono ya mayiko Entente la America inanena pa ndandanda, ndipo ndi chida kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya zoopsa za anthu. The UK wakhala ankalamulira nyanja, ndi US osakhutira, kutsutsana pa lamulo la nyanja ya mayiko ndale konse inaleka.

Germany ndi makhoti, linatseka madoko ake, mwa njira iliyonse kuyesera kuti abuluke zovuta. Choncho anabadwa chida chatsopano - sitima zankhondo. Tsopano, ndale, Mtendere mayiko malonda ataya chitetezo cha kuyenda pa nyanja. Mu 1915 dziko la Germany anamiza sitima ya British ndi okwera - "Lusitania" anapita pansi, kutenga naye oposa zana mbadwa za Chimereka. Wilson anayesa Germany pa maganizo, kukangana kuti zonena zawo ndi malamulo a malamulo adziko lonse lapansi. Germany sanalole kuti mtima mpaka 1917 nkhondo sitima zapamadzi sanaime. Ndiye, ngati anavomera. Komabe, mgwirizano si anamvera, likumira miyezi ingapo zikuluzikulu US mabwalo amilandu. Ndipo April 6, 1917, US Congress kulengeza nkhondo pa Germany.

kubisa nkhope

Wilson, anadza chisoni monga mtendere ndi mkhalapakati sizinawakhudze dziko. US zolinga mu First World nkhondo, poyamba lolunjika mwangwiro chuma pamene chokana usilikali. Koma izo sizinachitike. Ine ndinali chopereka nkhondo kugonjetsa Germany. Mipherezero atsopano kuzindikira pang'onopang'ono wauka kwa msinkhu wake wonse pamaso kulowa mu nkhondo, za kukhazikitsidwa kwa League of Nations, ndi kupeza kulamulira Europe ndi dziko. Pambuyo Germany itakula sitima zapamadzi nkhondo, United States yomweyo kuwonjezera thandizo panyanja ndi ndalama adani awo, ndipo anayamba kukonzekera maulendowa ku Western Front kale mu mayunitsi ndi nkhondo.

General Pershing, woikidwa mkulu, analengeza pempho la asilikali, ndi za miliyoni amuna makumi awiri ndi chimodzi kuti sate wani ankavala khaki. Kuchokera pa chiyambi March 1918 anagwirizana asilikali anayesa kuletsa mdani zolawula. The Germany anali patsogolo kwambiri, British ndi French anali Pamlingo waukulu kutuluka magazi. N'chifukwa chake atsopano US asilikali akhala akusunga kuthandiza adani, ndi counteroffensive, ndi kugonjetsedwa wotsatira wa asilikali a German. America lonse chuma dongosolo anamangidwanso ku nkhondo imeneyi. Njira Atengedwa alidi ndi kale lonse. Chotero kulamulira m'chigawo cha chuma sanayambebe kudziwika.

ulamuliro Federal

Wilson zapita malamulo othandiza kwambiri mu gulu la ntchito kumbuyo. Zakhala analenga njanji wapadera dipatimenti, kuchotsa mpikisano ndi kuonetsetsa mgwirizano mosamala zinthu zonse. A mphamvu lonse kulamulira mabizinezi anapatsidwa kasamalidwe asilikali mafakitale, amene analimbikitsa kupanga ndi kupewa mwendo. mitengo tirigu anali mapulani ndi mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Takhala anayambitsa kuonjezera katundu usilikali "bespshenichnye" ndi "bezmyasnye" masiku anthu. chuma mafuta anali kwambiri sankalimbana nafe mapulani yogawa awo ndi kupanga anali moyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse.

Zinali zosangalatsa osati miyeso kulimbitsa ankhondo ndi gulu lankhondo lamphamvu. ubwino zabwino iwo anabweretsa, ndipo alimi ndi antchito mafakitale, amene ali waumphawi. The American makina ankhondo chimakula ndi mphamvu. Komanso, US wapanga ngongole yaikulu kwa adani. Iwo anati pamwamba kakakulu ngongole kunja mayiko a azungu ngongole ya. nsinga Liberty Loan anali chikalata, chifukwa chimene dziko ndi anakwanitsa kuchirikiza ndalama lalikulu. The United States mu Choyamba, Chachiwiri World nkhondo anapeza njira mavuto padziko lonse patsogolo wake.

mfundo khumi ndi zinayi

Anali mutu wa chilengezo cha 1918, lomwe Wilson anapereka Congress ndi kulemekeza First World nkhondo ndi zolinga US mu izo. M'bukuli, iye anafotokoza dongosolo la kubwezeretsedwa kwa kukhazikika mu dziko ndipo anaitana kulengedwa kwa League of Nations. Iye, ndithudi, anali osemphana ndi zolinga usilikali, kuti adavomereza mayiko anagwirizana, ndi chosiyana mapangano ambiri chinsinsi pakati anagwirizana mayiko. Koma zimenezi zinali zothandiza kwambiri.

Kale mu October 1918, mayiko a ku Ulaya chapakati nsembe dziko mwachindunji Wilson, kunyalanyaza adani awo European. Ku US ku Europe kutumiza mishoni Nyumba mutu. Mu November, Germany anasaina mgwirizano. Zonsezi zikusonyeza mmene malo America ndi Europe anali zotsutsana amphamvu. Mbali chuma cha moyo wakale ndipo potsiriza ndisungunuka ku Ulaya sanalonjeze kudya olimba ndi kumanganso nyumba, ndi United States pa First World nkhondo, ndi mmene analimbitsa chuma chake. Plus tachita popanda chiwonongeko. dziko lino sanayambe anamenyana pa madera ake.

dziko

Mu 1919 ndi 1920, anali wosatha nkhani mtendere. Njira yonse ya Wilson kwathunthu anagonjetsa kulengedwa kwa League of Nations. Kuti cholinga wakhala akwaniritsa, anakakamizika nambala ya wololera ku indemnities nkhani malo.

Kumapeto kwa June 1919 izo anasaina mgwirizano, omwe anakhala pachimake cha ntchito ndale, Wilson. Osati zonse anapita bwino. Republicans anapambana chisankho cha 1918, choncho motsutsa sizinathe anakhazikitsa League of Nations bungwe wamphamvu.

Chisankho choyamba mu mtima wake watsekedwa, ndi ratification anali kuopsezedwa. The Senate ankafuna kusintha pangano, Wilson adakaniza mpaka July 1921. Choncho, mwaukatswiri kuti nthawi imeneyi, United States anali akadali pa nkhondo. "Red chiopsyezo" anapanga wololera, ndi pamenepo pokha, Congress zapita chikalata cha zipinda ziwiri, amene akulengeza akamaliza nawo nkhondo. Malo a United States nkhondo World analimbitsa chuma, koma overdue ndale. Ndipo chifukwa League of Nations anayamba kugwira ntchito yake popanda nawo US.