Unyinji molar wa oxygen. ndi misa molar mpweya chiyani?

Maatomu a zinthu ndi mankhwala molekyulu kuonetsa negligible misa. Kuphunzira asapita kachulukidwe, yeniyeni kuti zochita mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito angapo zedi thupi. Mmodzi wa iwo - misa molar, amene akhoza kuchita masamu kuti maatomu, ayoni ndi mamolekyulu. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa Dziko Lapansi - mpweya, ndi sachita zidzachitika, zochita zambiri ndi njira. Kuchita kuwerengetsera monga mwa mitunduyi mankhwala ntchito anachita maikwezhoni molar Unyinji wa mpweya, umene uli numerically wofanana ake kulemera wachibale wa atomu kapena molekyulu.

mpweya

General zokhudza mpweya (mankhwala mchitidwe)

• Latin dzina - Oxygenium;
• mankhwala chizindikiro - O;
• kusungidwa mu gawo chapamwamba 16 wa gulu loyamba (poyamba - gulu VI A) ku gome nthawi;
• Iwo ankakhala mu nthawi yachiwiri yomweyo pambuyo asafe pamaso fluorine;
• Zikutanthauza chalcogen banja;
• mchitidwe chiwerengero mu tebulo zodziwitsa ndi mlandu wake wa mtima wa maatomu - 8.

Mpweya ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo za m'mlengalenga kwa nthawi yaitali sanathe olekanitsidwa mu mawonekedwe woyera. Mpweya wotchedwa "wopatsa moyo", "ndi mankhwala a matenda." Zikondwerero kutsegula kwa mpweya adzagaŵikana pakati pa dziko odziwika asayansi: K. Scheele, J. Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier .. Mawu akuti "oxygen" Lavoisier akufuna, potengera udindo wofunika kwambiri thunthu, maatomu ake mu mapangidwe oxides ndi zidulo.

Kodi kupeza misa molar cha mchitidwe kapena thunthu?

Pamene akuchita kuwerengetsera mankhwala kofunika kudziwa misa nawo zochita za maatomu ndi tinthu wa mankhwala. Koma iwo ndi ang'ono kwambiri, zomwe complicates ntchito mayunitsi amenewa, monga magalamu ndi makilogalamu. Yankho anapezeka: anapereka mfundo zina kuti atsogolere kuwerengetsera. Mwachitsanzo, mu umagwirira mfundo ndi wachibale atomiki ndi maselo misa. Wachibale atomiki misa (Ari) monga kuchuluka thupi wakhala anayambitsa mu chaka cha 1961. Mtengo wake ndi wofanana 1/12 misa ndi mpweya atomu (a isotope ¹² C).

Kuchita kuwerengetsera ntchito mitunduyi ndi maikwezhoni ntchito imeneyi ndi makhalidwe ena kukumbukira malamulo ochepa:

1. Misa atomu mu dongosolo nthawi lili pafupi mankhwala chizindikiro. Unyinji molar ali yemweyo n'zosangalatsa kumva mtengo koma ndi mayunitsi g / mol.
2. Kulemera kwa Mole mmodzi wa thunthu anatsimikiza ku chilinganizo pawiri ndi zimene Uwerenge misa molar wa particles onse molekyulu ndi.
3. Ngati mankhwala chilinganizo ndi index kusonyeza chiwerengero cha mayunitsi structural, m'pofunika kuchulukitsa misa molar wa koyefishienti izi.

Atomiki ndi maselo kulemera kwa mpweya wa

Unyinji atomiki mpweya analandira zochokera chiwerengero ndi kufalitsa atatu a isotopes zachilengedwe: Ari (G) = 15,999 (mu mauthenga mamita ...). Mu anapezazo ndi yofunika iyi nthawi anamaliza kumabweza 16. Pakuti aliyense mchitidwe ake kulemera atomiki - zonse. Kuchokera kulemera kudziwika ndi ma atomu a zinthu ndi chiwerengero atomiki 8 angapezeke ndi misa molar cha mchitidwe oxygen. M (O) = 16. dimensionless thupi kuchuluka china - kulemera maselo a mpweya - amatanthauza chinthu yosavuta. Kuwerengetsa unyinji wa mpweya molekyulu, ndi kuchulukitsa kulemera atomu pa koyefishienti stoichiometric mu njira: Mr (O ₂₎ = Ari ^(G). 2 = ^16. 2 = 32. Zochita palibe kuti adzaone zomwe misa molar mpweya, chifukwa mtengo wake ndi numerically wofanana ndi kulemera kwa mamolekyulu zinthu koma ndi unit wa muyeso wa g / Mole. Kuti pawiri makamaka ndi kulemera kwake maselo ndi zonse chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera kuchuluka ndi unyinji wa thunthu.

kuchuluka kwa mankhwala

Mu umagwirira, kuti mayiko anapezazo, kuti alembe zedi zofunika kwambiri thupi - kuchuluka kwa mankhwala. Zimatanthauza kuti kulemera, ndi chiwerengero cha mayunitsi structural. Unit ya muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa thunthu mu mayiko System (SI) analandira 1 mol. Podziwa kuti 1 mol zikuphatikizapo particles mofanana zili 12 ga mpweya isotope ¹² C kuchita masamu nambala ya ma atomu, mamolekyu, ayoni, ma elekitironi ali mayeso gawo la chinthu chilichonse. zonse lina unatchedwa wasayansi wamkulu Italy Avogadro (amaimira N _A), Iye ali chiwerengero cha particles structural muli chinthu kuchuluka ngati - 1 mol. Mtengo n'zosangalatsa kumva za Avogadro zonse - ^6,02. October ²³ 1 / Mole. Ndi chiwerengero cha maatomu (mamolekyulu, ayoni) ali misa molar. Zoti kuchuluka thupi - M wagawo - 1 g / mol, chifukwa mawerengedwe chilinganizo - M = m / N (m - kulemera (g), N - kuchuluka kwa mankhwala (Mole)).

Kodi misa molar wa mpweya

Zochita palibe kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito chilinganizo M = m / N kuwerengera misa molar wa oxygen. Mu mungaithetsere chofunika kudziwa kwambiri, zomwe ndi misa, kapena kupeza chiwerengero cha zinthu. Mbali yoyamba ntchito mawerengedwe chilinganizo mamita = ^N. M, lachiwiri - N = m / M. Mtengo n'zosangalatsa kumva za misa molar wofanana ndi misa mchitidwe atomu, ndi thunthu - molekyulu. Mwachitsanzo, misa 16 ga 1 Mfuko la mchitidwe oxygen. M ₍₂₎ - misa molar wa molekyulu mpweya, umene uli wofanana 32 g / Mole.

Unyinji molar mpweya lofanana

Otchedwa ofanana kuchuluka ofanana kulemera kwa 1 mol maatomu monovalent la mbali iliyonse. Ambiri, kulemera ofanana zingadziŵike ndi kugawa misa molar ma atomu a mchitidwe mankhwala pa valency zake, lapeza ndi chilinganizo cha pawiri makamaka. Ambiri a mankhwala ake mpweya monga mankhwala-mchitidwe chalcogen ndi divalent. Molar Unyinji wa mpweya angapezeke pa tebulo nthawi, phindu lake anamaliza - 16. ofanana kulemera kwa nthawi zosakwana 2 - 8 umagwirira applicable malamulo zofanana, limanena kuti zinthu zili anachita pamodzi ndalama wofanana zofanana zawo. Pamene akuchita kuwerengetsera akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokwana molar Unyinji wa mpweya kudziwa kulemera lofanana ndi chinthu chomwe sakudziwika.

Mpweya - mbali zofunika kwambiri matanthwe a pansi padziko, mlandu 46,6% ya misa. A kugwirizana yosavuta ndi dzina lomweli - wachiwiri ambiri mu m'mlengalenga. The zili mpweya maselo mu mlengalenga - 20,947% ndi buku. Mothandizidwa maatomu membala ndi tizidutswa zimachitika zochita zambiri ndi njira mu luso, mafakitale organic ndi zochita kupanga chilengedwe. Nkofunika kuganizira asapita kachulukidwe mu njira izi, zomwe kwambiri facilitates ntchito zedi thupi, kuphatikizapo molar Unyinji wa oxygen.