Vuto la kukhala mu nzeru ndi njira kuti chiphunzitso chake mu masiku amakedzana

Vuto la kukhala mu mbiri ya nzeru ndi nkhani zomwe zakambidwa. The ambivalence wa zodabwitsazi Tingaone ngati Tikayerekeza mfundo ziwiri za view. Choyamba, maganizo nzeru zapamwamba wakale Parmenides, amene anali woyamba Greek anzeru kunayambitsa funso lakuti kukhala ngati okhulupirika ena, ndipo anazindikira kuti aliyense wa ganizo lathu - wokhala, choncho si kuli kulibe. Pali maganizo ena, otchedwa "kuyang'ana Hamlet", anavomereza kukhala ndi sanali wabwino (kukhala kapena kukhala). Mu zokambirana wosatha Tingaone monga mbali ziwiri: 1) dialectics wokhala ndi kanthu, ndi 2) ontological ndi existential gawo "kukhala" cha chiphunzitso cha.

Komanso vuto la kukhala mu nzeru atsegula lonse mndandanda wa nkhani zina maganizo, monga: ngati kuli atichitira wololera za mgwirizano wa dziko, kapena mtundu wina wa boma limene peeps "pano chosatha"? Kodi muli ndi chiyambi ndi amuyaya? Lilili kunja yathu yozindikira, kapena ndi mankhwala? Genesis - izo zangokhala dziko lonse ndi zinthu kapena chinachake chozama? Genesis - ndi zimene tikudziwa mwachindunji kapena osakwatira wosasintha maziko a kuli onse, mtundu wa kuti ku dziko lapansi? Pa dzanja limodzi kukhala anagonjera mafunso zina N'zosavuta kulankhula za iwo, chifukwa aliyense akumvetsa zimene amatanthauza "kukhala" koma tanthauzo bwino mawu zonse kwalephera ofufuza.

Vuto la kukhala mu nzeru nthawi zonse anafunsa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, malingana ndi nyengo ndi anthu makamaka. Ngakhale mu ulamuliro wa kuzunza m'nthano chikhalidwe wosazindikira, pamene, malinga ndi maganizo Levy-Bruhl, anthu ankaona patritsipatsiyu (umwini), dziko la chikhalidwe ndi chiyani n'kuganiza chodabwitsa ndipo anawauza nkhani (nthano), ambiri a nthano izi amakhazikitsa ena subordination aliko: Yemwe adalenga dziko amene amathandiza izo mu dongosolo, zomwe ndi malo munthu mu izo. Madzulo a m'nthano nyengo anthu apanga njira ziwiri kuti vutoli - ndi kulankhula, kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo. njira kum'mawa inkakhala yosinthira nthano mu nzeru, ndi Western - mu zinali iye ku zikhulupiriro ndi kusanthula.

Vuto chokhala wakale nzeru kum'mawa wakhala kuthetsedwa m'njira ziwiri. Zinangokhala ngati mtheradi, amene kumaonekera mu dziko, ndipo dziko anaona chikhalidwe chake ghostly. Njira ina ndi masomphenya anamutcha kuti "wodzala ndi wachabechabe" imene mphindi iliyonse chikusonyeza yokha mu dziko. Mu West, pafupi kwambiri kwa chimake choyamba cha chidziwitso cha nkhaniyi mu nzeru East anasonyeza kuti Plato. East Polemeretsedwa mbiri ya nzeru kuti anaukitsa vuto lowona ndi yabodza, zachiphamaso ndipo pano kukhalapo. Nzeru za kumadzulo anali kuganizira kwambiri za makhalidwe a umunthu - ndi umodzi wa zobwezedwa kapena kugwirizana zobwezedwa, chilengedwe kapena Multiverse. Akatswiri achigiriki (Thales, Anaksimen, Anaksimandr) kuti ankamuona ngati danga anafufuza ndi mfundo zake zikuluzikulu (madzi, mpweya, apeiron ...). Iwo ankadzifunsa ngati kukhala zonse ndipo ngati palokha ndi zofanana (inakonda ichi, pafupifupi mwambo onse Greek) kapena "madzimadzi" ndi "kukhala" (Heraclitus, Empedocles, Neoplatonists).

Tikhoza kunena kuti vuto la kukhala mu nzeru wakale ndi linaikidwa pa ubale wa kukhala ndi mgwirizano. Pa nzeru ena a Greece wakale, zonse mogwirizana ndi umunthu (Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Empedocles) ndipo anawonetseredwa mu chosokonekera ndi repeatability. Munthu ayenera kugonjera mogwirizana izi, ndiyeno moyo wake zomveka. Agiriki poyamba anakana atsatira mwambo nthanthi ya animism kumvetsa dziko monga anthu mizimu, kumene iliyonse chodabwitsa anali imodzi kukhala ngati "inu." Iwo anatembenuza dziko mu "" koma nthano moyo m'malo maganizo mawunikidwe. Lingaliro la "kukhala" ndipo maganizo "mankhwala".

Ndipo pa mfundo imeneyi kukhala ndi vuto mu nzeru ya Greece ndi Rome anakhala anathana, kutenga nkhani zimene kwenikweni kukhala. Ena anzeru amakhulupirira kuti nkhani mankhwala (Democritus), ndipo ena - kuti ndi wauzimu (Plato). Anaksagor lingaliro vydvynul kuti tichipeza homoeomeries (particles wamphamvu divisible) ndi Demokrit - ndiwo a indivisible particles maatomu. Pythagoras, Plato ndi Aristotle anapanga pofuna kuphatikiza mfundo mogwirizana chabe ndi zina dongosolo masanjidwe (Plato longoganizira ake monga piramidi, Aristotle, mu mawonekedwe a masitepe, Pythagoras - mu mawonekedwe a masamu zongoganiza - geotetrizma). Komabe, nzeru za anthu akale longoganizira kukhala ozungulira, mobwerezabwereza. Tikhoza kunena kuti anaukitsa funso kugwirizana pakati pa kukhala ndi kanthu, koma ndiribe koma kuganizira za moyo ndi nthawi kulankhulana. Iyo inali nthawi zotsatirazi.