Wambiri ndi ntchito za Fernand Braudel

Ntchito ndi ntchito za Fernand Braudel anafotokozera za chitukuko cha osati French komanso dziko la sayansi mbiri m'nthawi ya 20. wasayansi Zimenezi zathandiza kusintha kwenikweni mu historiography ndi gwero, ndi kutsindika pa kuphunzira si zochitika, monga mmene anachitira akalambula wake ndi ambiri a m'nthawi yake, makamaka chitukuko cha mbiri wonse, kuyenda ndi mphamvu ya kusintha kwa zolinga umoyo ndi zachuma a nyumba chikhalidwe. Monga mbali ya kafukufuku, iye anafuna kusonyeza mbiri ambiri, si zokhazo ndi retelling zenizeni ndi zochitika. Iye anali kuzindikira lonse, anali membala wa bungwe monga French Academy, ndipo ankagwira ntchito ku malo ena maphunziro aakulu.

General maonekedwe a malangizo

Malangizo a chitukuko cha sayansi mbiri m'zaka za m'ma 20, makamaka anatsimikiza ndi mbiri wamng'ono sukulu, oimira amene ankaona akale positivist historiography outmoded ndipo analimbikitsa kulabadira osati pa mfundo, koma pa njira mu chuma ndi anthu amene, mu maganizo awo, zimapanga nkhani zenizeni pa pamene zochitika kunja ndale ndi mfundo - yekha kunja chiwonetsero cha kusintha awo. Dzina la malangizo anali magazini a dzina lomweli, lomwe linasindikizidwa M. Bloch ndi Lucien Febvre. asindikize Baibulo latsopano wakhala malo achitetezo a malingaliro atsopano mu French historiography, koma poyamba m'mbiri ya sukulu sanasangalale anthu ambiri chifukwa cha ulamuliro wa sayansi positivist.

Mfundo Zina za moyo

Tsogolo wotchuka mbiri woyamba ndipo sanasinthe miyambo, malamulo akale ndi mbiri kuphunzira anafotokoza kuti olamulira munthu, mayiko, zochitika zandale. Posakhalitsa, iye unachoka mfundo zimenezo ndi kulumikiza otaya kaundula wamng'ono. Koma ife tisanati chitani ndi kusanthula maganizo ake, muyenera kukhala pa mbiri kwake, zinthu zonse m'moyo wake, anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa chitukuko wake monga kafukufuku otchuka nthawi yake.

Place ya kubadwa kwa wazambiriyakale - yaing'ono French m'mudzi Lotarigii, umene uli m'malire ndi Germany. Iye anabadwa mu 1902 ku banja wamba: bambo ake anali mphunzitsi wa masamu, agogo ake - msilikali ndi mlimi. Childhood mbiri m'tsogolo anakhala m'mudzi, poona miyoyo ya anthu wamba kugwira ntchito ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa dziko, kwakukulukulu kudziwa amaganizira nkhani moyo. Awa ndi malo a kubadwa, malinga ndi Maulendo a wolemba, anali sukulu woyamba chifukwa cha iye anabweretsa kuzindikira kufunika ndi ubwino wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu wamba.

Mu 1909, iye analembetsa kusukulu ya pulayimale mu mzinda Paris, kenako ku likulu Lyceum. Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri, kuphunzira kunapatsidwa kwa iye zosavuta: iye anali kukumbukira ankakonda kuwerenga, chilengedwe luso mbiri, ndi chifukwa cha tsiku lokonzekera la bambo ake ndiponso mmene Khalidwe masamu. makolo ake ankafuna kuti zapaderazi luso, koma mbiri analoŵa mphamvu ya Zachidziwitso pa Sorbonne. Fernand Braudel, ngati ophunzira achinyamata ambiri pa nthawi imeneyo, chidwi ndi mutu wa zisinthe, ndipo iye anali kuyesera kuti digiri, kusankha mutu kuti zolemba pamaphunziro kuyamba mu mzinda, amene ali pafupi kumudzi kwawo, koma malingaliro amenewo sanali tidzayesedwa anazindikira.

ntchito kudziko lina

Scientist anapita ku Algeria, pamene ankaphunzitsa kuchokera mu 1923 mpaka 1932. Iye anali wanzeru lecturer ndi kale adadziwa monga mphunzitsi wanzeru. Mu Maulendo Ake, zaka akhala akuthandiza chachikulu iye anali wofunitsitsa kuti dziko la Mediterranean, kuti iye anaganiza zoika nkhani yolembedwa wake. M'zaka zimenezi si iye yekha limaphunzitsa, komanso m'ndendemo kwambiri kuchita zinthu sayansi, ntchito ndi zikalata archival. Iye anali zinchito kwambiri ndipo kwa zaka zingapo anali analemera kwambiri kuchuluka yaikulu chuma chokwanira kulemba kafukufuku. Pa nthawiyi, kufalitsa nkhani yake yoyamba (1928).

Kusintha mtima

Pa mapangidwe dziko Fernand Braudel ankatsatira kwambiri msonkhano wake ndi Lucien Febvre mu 1932, pamene awiriwo pamodzi kwawo. womdziwa Izi makamaka anatsimikiza ndi peculiarities wa njira zake m'tsogolo sayansi. Iye anakhala si kutsatira za mfundo za Annales sukulu, komanso mnzanu wapamtima. Scientist anathandizana ndi magazini wotchuka, amene kenako anakhudzidwa zolemba zake. chakuti poyamba anasankha nkhani malamulo zolemba pamaphunziro Mfumu Philip II mu Mediterranean, zomwe zinagwirizana ndi miyambo ya historiography positivist, koma kenako nkumapita ku munthu wa mkulu ndi chinthu chachikulu za kafukufuku wake anaganiza kuchita malo nkhani, kuphunzira mumaganiza ambiri mu chitukuko cha pa pafupi tcheru kuti chuma, zinthu zokhudza chuma cha dziko. Choncho mbiri French, anakhala woyambitsa wa malangizo atsopano mu historiography - geohistory, imene imakhudza kuphunzira zochitika mgwirizano lomaliza wogwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha nyengo, mtunda mbali.

Ntchito mu Brazil ndi panthawi ya nkhondo

Kuyambira 1935 mpaka 1937 anaphunzitsa sayansi pa yunivesite ku Brazil. ntchito yatsopanoyi, iye anati, nayenso anali akuthandiza kwambiri, makamaka m'lingaliro chikhalidwe. Poganizira kwambiri mwachibadwa, iye anali ndi chidwi liveliest kuonera moyo mu malo omwewo mayiko ena kuti kenako anatsimikiza chidwi ndi Fernand Braudel vuto la coexistence mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kunyumba, iye anali motsogoleredwa ndi mnzake anaganiza kulemba nkhani yolembedwa pa Mediterranean, koma mogwirizana ndi malangizo latsopano, koma ndi chiyambi cha nkhondo ndi ntchito ya dziko asinthe maganizo awo.

Wolemba mbiri choyamba nkhondo, koma posakhalitsa, monga anagwidwa pamodzi ndi zotsala za chipani chake ndipo mpaka 1945 anakhalabe mu ukapolo. Komabe, iye anapeza mphamvu kuti ndipitirize. Scientist ntchito zinthu, kubwezeretsa kaundula wake archival ndi zina zomwe a zaka zam'mbuyo. Komanso, wofufuza anali wokhoza kuti kukumana ndi Febvre, amene pambuyo kuwombera wa Bloc chifukwa chotenga mbali mu kayendedwe kukana anali mtsogoleri yekhayo wa malangizo kaundula wa. Braudel anamangidwa mu mzinda wa Mainz, kumene iye anali yunivesite, ndi zinthu m'ndende akaidi a nkhondo sanali kwambiri. Apa iye anali kupitiriza ntchito yake, umene wakhala bwinobwino kutetezedwa, pambuyo pa nkhondo mu 1947.

M'zaka pambuyo nkhondo,

Pambuyo buku la zolemba pamaphunziro wake wotchuka "The Mediterranean ndi dziko Mediterranean mu m'badwo wa Philip II» wolemba wakhala nthumwi anazindikira wa sukulu watsopano. Pa nthawi imeneyo, iye anali nawo mwakhama kuphunzitsa, ndipo anakhazikitsa lokha osati monga wasayansi ndi luso, komanso ngati kulinganiza kwambiri. Mu 1947, iye ndi anzake anayambitsa gawo 6 École pratique des hautes études, amene wakhala phata la zochitika latsopano kafukufuku. Atamwalira Febvre anakhala pulezidenti ake, namgwira udindo uwu mpaka 1973. Iye anakhala mkonzi wa magazini ake, ndipo anayamba kuphunzitsa pa koleji de France, kumene anali kupita dipatimenti ya chitukuko chamakono.

Achire ku zinthu zosangalatsa

Komabe, pambuyo zochitika za 1968 mu tsoka lake, monga mapeto a dziko, pakhala kusintha kwakukulu. mfundo ndi yakuti chaka chino anayamba misa wophunzira kayendedwe, amene wabweza ndithu kuchuluka lonse. Braudel, atabwerera kunyumba, iye anayesa kuti agwirizane ophunzira mu zokambirana, koma nthawi iyi anapeza kuti mawu ake sizipanga iwo kanthu namfunsa ngati zaka zam'mbuyo. Komanso, anatulukira kuti iye ankaona nthumwi za sayansi chakale. Zitachitika zinthu zimenezi, aganiza kusiya ambiri posts awo ndipo anadzipereka yekha ntchito sayansi.

ntchito watsopano

Kuyambira 1967 mpaka 1979 anali kuchititsa ntchito yake lotsatira lalikulu "Zofunika chitukuko, chuma ndi bizinesi." Iye anakhazikitsa ntchito yooneka ngati zosatheka kuphunzira mbiri zachuma kuyambira pa 15 mpaka cha m'ma 18. Mu ntchito yofunika iyi izo kupyola mu chuma chopambana mbiri anaonetsa njira ya chitukuko chuma, malonda, ndi zinthu zakuthupi za moyo wa munthu. Iye analinso chidwi udindo wa amalonda m'khalapakati, amalonda ndi mabanki.

Malinga ndi wasayansi, pakhala zifukwa zachuma ndi chitukuko, zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa ku khumi zapitazi, ndakhala maziko malamulo, zochitika zomwe iye sanali ngofunika kwambiri, akuganiza chabe ndi uninteresting kwa wasayansi, pakuti zimene kawirikawiri kudzudzulidwa. Komanso, iye mlandu kuti iye ankafuna kulemba mbiri lonse ndi kusunga mbali zonse za moyo umene uli kwenikweni zosatheka. Komabe, ntchito yatsopano ofufuza zinasintha malangizo a chitukuko cha historiography.

Maganizo ndi njira methodological

Mbiri ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku anakhala chinthu chachikulu za kafukufuku wake. Koma chidwi kwambiri ndi amayi ake a nthawi zakale zomwe iye ogaŵikana yaitali (Chofunika, okuta kuli mitundu), yochepa (zochitika za nthawi munthu okhudza moyo wa anthu), ndi ambiri, kupalasa njinga (womwenso akuluakulu kanthawi zotsika muzochitika zosiyana za anthu ). Asanafe, iye anagwira mwakhama ntchito odzipereka pa mbiri ya France, gawo la wotchedwa "Anthu ndi Zinthu", mu umene anali anachita kusanthula mozama n'zodalirika anthu, moyo wake ndi peculiarities chitukuko. Koma iye anafa mu 1985 popanda kutsiriza ntchito yake mpaka mapeto.

mtengo

Udindo wa wasayansi mu historiography sitingalephere kukambapo. Iye wapanga kusintha kwenikweni mu sayansi, kunyamuka pambuyo oimira Annales sukulu mfundo mbiri kuphunzira njira ndi zachuma. Anaphunzitsa gulu la akatswiri ambiri, kuphatikizapo mayina wotchuka ngati Duby, Le Goff ndi ena. ntchito zake zidakhala wofunika kwambiri pa mbiri ndi sayansi, ndipo kumakhala anatsimikiza malangizo a chitukuko cha m'ma 20.