Waukulu yosungirako sing'anga ku Russia wakale. Mbiri ya TV

Popeza penipeni, anthu afunafuna nzeru. Ndi choyamba, amachititsa mpikisano zovuta ndi zina ndithu kupanikizidwa ndi zinyama. Kupambana, kupeza kagawo kakang'ono zake sizili, munthu anakakamizika kusintha, makamaka mwanzeru. Ndipotu, ngakhale oimira loyamba sapiens Homo mu nkhope ya akalewa sanathe kupikisana mphamvu ndi see ndi akambuku saber-imodzi phanga zimbalangondo. Koma kodi kusunga nzeru anasonkhanitsa? Kodi ndi mfundo chonyamulira mu Russia wakale ankaopedwa kwambiri kuposa wina aliyense?

Chifukwa kutengerapo zinachitikira ana?

Anthu amabwera ndi njira zambiri ndi zidule kuti cabe mphamvu mosadziletsa nyama. Komabe, akale mu citukuko ndi kusankha wina vuto - mbadwa za maphunziro. Popeza yochepa pafupifupi moyo, nthawizina akudziwa kufa naye. A mbadwo watsopano waphunzira kale pa zolakwa zawo, osati kutha ntchito atolankhani aliyense yosungirako mu Russia wakale, mwachitsanzo. Izi kwambiri angaletsedwe lonse zamoyo zinachita ndondomeko ndi nthawi zonse munthu pa zobvuta kupulumuka.

Mwina ndi chokhumba kusamutsa zinachitikira ndi chidziwitso kuti mibadwo ya m'tsogolo kunapangitsa analemba m'mbale wakale thanthwe. Nthawi zambiri pali akuonetsedwa zithunzi za kusaka, mankhwala ndi quackery ndi ena makalasi zothandiza anthu oyambirira. Iwo akhoza kutsutsa kuti motere iwo anayesa kupeza wamkulu TV achilengedwe. Ndipotu, ena a iwo anadutsa zaka zambiri ndipo anapulumuka masiku ano.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, vuto la kusunga ndi kufala kwa zinachitikira kwayamba zofunika kwambiri. Pambuyo wambirimbiri kudziwa anali mwachidule ndipo anafuna kufotokoza bwino za kusintha kwa m'badwo wotsatira. Pakuti kukongola onse ndi tanthauzo lakuya la ziboliboli mokoma chinthu makamaka, iwo sanali pochitika. Ndife chidwi kuona mmene kuphunzitsa ndi maphunziro ku Russia wakale, mwachitsanzo.

Kodi tiyenera kuganizira mfundo?

Iwo m'pofunika kupeza zimene mauthenga monga chonchi. Sublimating maganizo ndi kuwerengetsera wa akatswiri ambiri, kupereka tanthauzo ili: ndi ya deta pa anthu, zochitika ndi zochitika, amene sadalira mawonekedwe a ulaliki. Ngati ife kulankhula za zili zoweta, mfundo - ndi zomwe munthu amalandira chilengedwe kapena pagulu.

Chifukwa cha kusanduka anaonekera zolembedwa m'mabuku, oyang'anira deta anasonkhanitsa. Zofunika onyamula - ndi zolemba zomwe zili kuika deta kwa HIV wotsatira anaikira mu nthawi kapena malo.

Kuphunzira wakale zinthu onyamula afike pomvetsetsa kuti zambiri adali chosaoneka ndi maso, T. E. anthu kutengerapo awo kudziwa okha basi m'kamwa mawonekedwe. Chinthu anthu mu nkhani iyi ndi wosadalirika kwambiri.

Kulemba chikalata

Ngakhale kalelo sanali mfundo ngati za "zikalata", iwo ali magwero kuti yatsikira kwa masiku athu olembedwa. Choncho, ndichiyani?

Kumene, ndi ena Tambasula tinganene kuti zikalata ziboliboli, amene amafufuza zamakezana ano. Iwo amakhala osiyana, popereka mauthenga okhudza zimene zinachitika mu kutali kale. Komabe zinthu izi chuma ndi chitukuko awo anabwera ndi zikamera kulemba.

Choona chidwi n'chakuti anthu kuyambira anayesa mabuku awo "wakale achikale njira" pa miyala. Mwina mapangano makolo chiyani za kudalirika kwa njira ya kufala kwa deta. Koma zochitika zasonyeza kuti si. Mosiyana ndi manambalawo, zakale anali zambiri incoherent khalidwe, finely waikamo mofulumira linasokoneza kapena overwritten. Choncho, kuona chinachake monga choncho masiku ano ndi kovuta.

Clay - wamkulu yosungirako sing'anga

Mbiri ya TV akuyamba, mwina kwa nthawi pamene anthu aphunzira pojambula maganizo awo mu njira otetezeka. Chimodzi mwa zida woyamba kupezeka kulenga zolemba zakale kukhala dongo. nkhani imeneyi anapeza mwa anthu akale a Mesopotamia. Icho chinali Sumerians anatulukira kukanda zolemba zake pa magome phale laling'ono.

Njira imeneyi imagwira mosonyeza mudziwe ali ndinasintha wosiyana thanthwe ndi kupenta khoma. Ndipo ngakhale script uwu sungakhoze icho, kuti ena mapiritsi akupezeka masiku athu, akuti kwambiri. Ndi chitukuko cha chitukuko Chisumeriya pang'onopang'ono kukhala zovuta kwambiri ndipo kwathunthu ndi miyala. Pa dongo atsopano n'kovuta kudzatunga, ndi cholizira wapadera khalidwe kalembedwe.

Kumapeto kwa chitukuko ake, Sumerians wakale ntchito mapale zolembedwa m'mabuku lonse ndipo adalenga munthu laibulale weniweni. The wamkulu zachilengedwe media, yosonkhanitsa yomwe kudziwika kwa ife ngati laibulale ya Asuri mfumu Ashabanipalu, izo zinkayenera mapiritsi oposa 30,000. Ndipo anati ndithu otaya kwambiri mudziwe, amene anapitiriza anthu akale.

Ku dothi zitsulo - njira zaka mazana angapo

Kulemba m'menemo, anthu ambiri anayamba. Lemba limene limapezeka pa zolemba za anakula yaitali. Clay ndi mu kapangidwe zachilengedwe ndi lolemera ndithu, zinali zovuta kuti apulumutse opus Anthu ambirimbiri akale.

Chomwe chinafunika ndi chonyamulira zina. Kodi amakezana TV chibadwidwe mbiri ya anthu? Pambuyo dongo anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito fupa chipangizo zambiri kapena mbale zitsulo. Kutchula koyamba zolembedwa izi ndi ku Iguputo. Kumeneko bwino ndi streamlined kulemba pa zipangizo. Kusindikiza si ntchito ndi chisel, ndi wapadera zokometsera kalembedwe kukukonda lemba ankafuna.

Popeza compactness ndiponso kudalirika deta onyamula, nthawi zina anaika ndakatulo lonse. Agiriki akale Mwachitsanzo, analemba mauthenga awo pa magome patsogolo, ndiye naike m'manda kwa anamuvula mizimu yakuipa.

luso Izi anatengedwa ndi Ancient Rome. Mogwirizana wonse okhala lithandize ufumuwo, n'zosadabwitsa kuti mbale amenewa linalembedwa pafupifupi chilichonse - kuchokera akalola malamulo, amene anali kufalitsidwa ndi Senate. Komabe, mu Zikatero, ichi chidachitika pa mkuwa, ndilo ndiye mutu kudzionetsera. Komabe, yopanga maselo othandiza magazi kuundana anali wokongola wapatali, ngakhale kwa Mroma olemera.

Sera - njira wotchipa chifukwa chotengera deta

Mipukutuyi anayamba kuchotsa phula. maziko anapangidwa ya njovu kapena mitengo. Mu indentation pa mbali kutsogolo anatsanulira phula. Kunapezeka ngati chophimba ano reusable mwana amene kulemba ndi kufufuta ndi cholembera lakuthwa kwalembedwa ngati n'koyenera. Tikhoza kunena kuti m'njira imeneyi zokhudzana ndi atolankhani zakale ndi zamakono.

Kachitidwe bwino kwambiri moti zinatha zaka 1500. Miyalayo sera ankagwiritsa ntchito ndi makolo athu, amene anawaitana tserami. Kumbukirani kuti yosungirako sing'anga ku Russia wakale anagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi amalonda Russian monga mlandu ndi phonebooks. Koma si malonda anthu tsery sanakonde. mtchalitchi amapangidwa kuti iwo malamulo ndi kutanthauzira. Mwachitsanzo, mpaka tsopano kwafika chikalata chodabwitsa anailemba XI atumwi. Iye ankatchedwa Novgorod Codex, ndipo inkakhala masamba anayi.

Papyrus - pepala wamkulu

Mwatsoka, chifukwa zinthu nyengo miyala sera zambiri iwo sanali kumusamalira. Zifukwa zoonekeratu tsery osati kuima ndi yotentha. Ngakhale zinali chonyamulira chachikulu cha mfundo Russia wakale, okhala Egypt anaonekera amtunduwu. Inde, monga mmene Mapale, malo luso uyu anali Egypt.

Maonekedwe a akatswiri oyamba amtunduwu chibwenzi XXV m'ma BC. The zopangira kupanga amtunduwu anatumikira monga ndodo, wophuka wochuluka pa magombe a Nile. Palokha, gumbwa anapangidwa kuchokera pakati zomera, amene kusema n'kupanga woonda ndiponso za yalidwa kulowererana pa mwala waukulu ndi yosalala. Nayenso, anaika dzuwa Iguputo. Pambuyo kuyanika, gumbwa wopukutidwa scrapers opangidwa mwapadera ya njovu. Okonzeka ndi kudya amtunduwu ndi tepi yaitali, ndipo chotero makamaka kusungidwa mu mipukutu.

Chinachake kenako kulumikiza mapepala zitsulo mu bukhu. Papyrus anali mwachilungamo ambiri Greece ndi ku Roma. Koma ngakhale kutchuka izi chonyamulira mudziwe anali akadali osadalirika. Nthawi zambiri ong'ambika, kutenthedwa, asokoneza ndi fumbi. Komabe, angapo zikalata anapanga pa amtunduwu anapulumuka lero. Komabe, m'malo zosiyana lamulo.

Papyrus monga yosungirako sing'anga mu Lazaro wakale pafupifupi osati ntchito. makolo athu anasankha zipangizo odalirika kwambiri mu mawonekedwe a mapiritsi sera, ndiyeno auwe.

zikopa

M'zaka za m'ma chachiwiri BC, anthu katswiri kupanga zikopa. N'zotheka kuti zinayambitsa mfundo ya "zonse ndi watsopano -. Bwino aiwala akale" Koma zikopa za nyama anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga maziko kupanga tsogolo la chonyamulira deta. Chachikulu kusiyana kwa amtunduwu inkakhala mu mphamvu apamwamba zakuthupi. Tinayambitsa mu Pergamo, ndipo popanda ado zina, anapereka dzina la mankhwala awo.

Ngakhale kuti mtengo wa atolankhani latsopano anali apamwamba kuposa kuti gumbwa, zikopa zolimba molimba anachotsedwa ntchito wochepa thupi ndi osalimba bango mbale. Iwo unapangidwa kuchokera untanned zikopa khungu la nyama, makamaka nkhosa kapena Bovine.

Kuyandikira maonekedwe a masiku zikopa kwa II m'ma BC. Malinga ndi asayansi, nkhaniyi wakhala wotchuka amtunduwu. chakuti ntchito imeneyi chonyamulira zambiri mu Russia wakale, umboni ndi Zolembedwa zambiri, ndakhala masiku athu.

Zikopa anali mwachilungamo ambiri m'nthawi yakaleyo, koma chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa ulimi wa anthu onse anayamba kuyang'ana fanizoli.

Birch makungwa - mphatso ya chilengedwe

Mu Russia, ndi zikopa pafupifupi sanakhaleko mpaka XV m'ma AD. Onse anafika kwa kunja, kotero townsfolk anali sichikupezeka. Monga momwe zilili ndi mapale, anthu pang'onopang'ono anazindikira kuti mukhoza kulemba mtengo. Si khungu kwambiri, mu kupanga amtunduwu, womwe ndi mphako akhakula otchulidwa patsogolo pa pamwamba matabwa. njira yotero kwambiri kumachepetsa mtengo wa ndondomeko lonse kupanga ndipo anapanga "pepala" pagulu.

Nkhani ya njira imeneyi ali kunayambira ku maiko yamphamvu. Zinali kumeneko iye anapita kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi Ancient Russia, koma pang'ono kusinthidwa ndi bwino. Tikumbukenso kuti ntchito nkhuni yopanga mfundo onyamula anali ndi kiyi Malingana ndi udindo mu mapangidwe makampani lonse pepala. Koma m'tsogolo.

Kuyambira BC VIII atumwi, matabwa matabwa ankagwiritsa ntchito mu Russia wakale. Mu kupanga zipangizo kulemba Russia ntchito birch khungwa. Choncho dzina odious kuti choyamba ngatí akukufunsa: "Kodi anali chotengera zambiri mu Russia wakale" Birch khungwa.

Kagwiridwe kupanga ndi mochititsa yosavuta. Pambuyo Kutentha kwa preforms anali anafukula ku birch makungwa M'kati, ndiye mosamala kudula nsonga. Zotsatira zake zinali tepi (mpukutu), kapena ngakhale pa m'mbali mwa rectangle lapansi.

birchbark mipukutu

Monga ulamuliro, birchbark anapinda m'mipukutuyo, lemba olembedwa anakapezeka kunja kwake. Malemba cholizira cholembera wapadera zachitsulo kapena fupa. Birch makungwa ankagwiritsa ntchito Russia kulikonse. Chifukwa cheapness ndi omasuka kupanga, iwo ndi Kufikika ku zigawo zosiyana za anthu.

Wamba Mtsogoleriyu iwo anali kalembera shawa, amalonda chinkhoswe mu lipoti ndi mfundo anasonyeza pa birch makungwa chifuniro chake. Ngakhale kutulutsa buku laling'ono kuchokera ku makungwa a birch ananamizira pakati mbale. Zitsanzo zilipo makalata Birch-makungwa ndi umboni wa mmene ntchito lalikulu zedi. Malinga ndi iye limafotokoza mbiri ya Russia wakale. Maphunzilo ku Russia amafuna zikalata ndi luso kulemba, amene yekha anatsindika kufunika kuteteza ndi kufala kwa zambiri.

Paper - chomaliza

Mbiri yakale amati pepala anaonekera China mu BC II atumwi. chikuoneka chifukwa kusadalirika ndi kukwera mtengo kwa njira alipo la kufalitsa uthenga ndi mu maonekedwe a mapiritsi, amtunduwu zikopa. Zitsanzo woyamba wa mankhwala mapepala kuchokera amakhala cocoons zosalongosoka, kenako kwa amene anayamba ntchito hemp loderako.

Mu 105 B.C .. e. Chinese mbuye anauzidwa Lun anayamba kubala pepala ndi ulusi mabulosi inabala, nsanza, phulusa ndi hemp. Zonse izi wothira madzi mwapadera, ndipo kenako anaonekera kwa dzuwa. Pambuyo kuyanika, mbuye mosamala kwambiri ankawachotsera thunthu chifukwa miyala yapadera. Kutulukira anauzidwa Lun Kodi mfundo yoyambira pa kusintha zina za pepala. Mu "makampani" kapangidwe ka zosakaniza latsopano adaonjezeredwa, kupanga pepala lakale cholimba osalala, amene kenako zinachititsa kuti kupanga msonkhano-mzere. Ndipo mbiri ya TV kwa nthawi yaitali anasiya, tinganene kuti inatha

Kumayambiriro kwa VII m'ma pepala kupanga mbuye wa Korea ndi Japan. Ndipo patapita zaka 150 adzadziwa za Aluya. Komanso mapepala kufala inali yowawa. Ichi ndi chifukwa chikhalidwe chatsekedwa ena States Arab ku Europe. Komabe, chifukwa cha Spanish kugonjetsa chinsinsi anali kunja ndi kugawidwa mu Ulaya.