Wosanjikiza kunja kwa maselo. Biology: kapangidwe ka khungu zomera, yadera

Maselo amene amapanga minofu ya nyama ndi zomera, ndi kusiyana kwambiri kukula, mawonekedwe, zinthu constituent. Komabe, iwo onse ali kufanana mu mfundo zikuluzikulu za kukula, kufotokoza moyo, irritability, luso chitukuko masiyanidwe. Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane zambiri kapangidwe ka khungu chomera (Table Gawo adzapatsidwa kumapeto kwa nkhani).

Mwachidule Chiyambi Chawo

Mwa mantha osmotic mu 1925 Gorter ndi Grendel ali zipolopolo kanthu maselo a magazi, awo otchedwa "mthunzi". Iwo ataunjikidwa mu mulu, ndipo liwulo padziko dera lawo. Lipids munalekanitsidwa ntchito acetone. Komanso, chiwerengero cha maselo ofiira pa malo wagawo anatsimikiza. Ngakhale kumachitika mu kuwerengetsera anali mkulu mwangozi chifukwa yolondola, ndi kutsegula zamadzimadzi bilayer.

zambiri

Phunziro chitukuko minofu ndi kukula kwa miyambo ya nyama ndi zomera chikuchita ndi zamoyo. Kapangidwe ka maselo zomera ndi zovuta atatu inseparably chokhudzana ndi munthu zigawo zikuluzikulu wina:

• Kore. Iwo ndi wosiyana cytoplasm ndi njira ya Kakhungu porous. Lili ndi nucleolus, utomoni nyukiliya ndi chromatin.
• The cytoplasm ndi zovuta nyumba apadera - organelles. Otsiriza, makamaka kuyikapo plastids, mitochondria, lysosomes ndi zida Golgi, pakati selo. Organelles ndi nthawi zonse. Kupatula izi, palinso zosakhalitsa mapangidwe, wotchedwa inclusions.
• Kapangidwe, imene imagwiritsidwa pamwamba - chigoba cha selo mbewu.

Features a padziko chipangizo

Kodi leukocytes ndi maselo a unicellular zamoyo jekete amapereka malowedwe a madzi, ayoni, mamolekyulu ka mankhwala ena. ndondomeko imene pali malowedwe a particles olimba, wotchedwa phagocytosis. Ife ngati dontho la mankhwala madzi, tilankhula za pinocytosis.

organelles

Iwo alipo mu maselo eukaryotic. Ndi organelles zokhudzana kwachilengedwenso kusinthika komwe kumachitika mu selo. chimakwirira awo awiri zakulera - plastids ndi mitochondria. Iwo ali DNA zawo, komanso makina kuti synthesizes mapuloteni. Wofalitsa ikuchitika ndi kugawa. Mu mitochondria, koma kwa ATP, mapuloteni ndi apanga zedi yaing'ono. Plastids alipo mu chomera maselo. kubalana awo imagwiridwa ndi kugawa.

Kakhungu

Molakwika kuti wosanjikiza kunja kwa maselo - ndi cytoplasm. Kakhungu ndi zotanuka dongosolo maselo. Wosanjikiza kunja kwa maselo otchedwa pamwamba zida, imene nkhani za chipinda cha ku malo akunja. Pali ntchito zosiyanasiyana za selo nembanemba. Imodzi mwa ntchito yaikulu ndi kuonetsetsa umphumphu wa amafotokozera lonse. Mkati kapangidwe ndi imapezekanso, kugawana khungu mu otchedwa zipinda. Mbali zimenezi anatseka otchedwa organelles kapena zipinda. Mkati iwo imayendetsedwa ndi zinthu zina. Ntchito selo nembanemba monga lamulo la kuwombola pakati pa sing'anga ndi selo.

Kakhungu

ndi kapangidwe ka selo nembanemba chiyani? Maselo - ndi bilayer (awiri) ya maselo a kalasi zamadzimadzi. Ambiri a iwo akuimira lipids mtundu zovuta - phospholipids. Mu mamolekyulu pano hydrophobic (mchira) ndi hydrophilic (mutu) gawo. Pamene maselo anapanga chipolopolo, michira mkati ndi mutu - zosiyana. Kakhungu - ndi invariabelnye dongosolo. selo nyama casing ali zambiri zofanana ndi mchitidwe zomera. Nembanemba makulidwe - dongosolo la 7-8 nm. Tizilombo wosanjikiza kunja kwa maselo zikuphatikizapo mankhwala osiyanasiyana proteinaceous: poluintegralnye (kumalekezero kumizidwa zamadzimadzi lakunja kapena M'kati), yofunika (wafala) padziko (pafupi ndi mbali lamkati la kaya kukhala kunja). mapulotini angapo ali abutting mfundo nembanemba ndi mkati cytoskeleton selo ndi mpanda kunja (ngati alipo). Ena kugwirizana yofunika kuchita ntchito ya njira ion, zosiyanasiyana zolandilira ndi onyamula.

ntchito zoteteza

Kapangidwe ka khungu nembanemba kwakukulukulu amasankha zochita zake. Makamaka, Kakhungu ali ndi permeability kusankha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa permeability la tinthu kudzera Kakhungu chimadalira pa kukula kwawo, mankhwala katundu, magetsi mlandu. The Ntchito yaikulu anachita ndi wosanjikiza kunja kwa maselo, wotchedwa chotchinga. Chifukwa iwo anapereka kusankha, chosinthika, udakali chabe kuwombola mankhwala zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, peroxisomes jekete umateteza woopsawo peroxides cytoplasm.

zoyendera

Kudzera lakunja maselo a zinthu kusintha. Chifukwa zoyendera anapereka yoperekera zakudya, kuwonongedwa kwa mankhwala mapeto a dongosolo la malipiro awo, katulutsidwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana, mapangidwe zosakaniza amaayoni. Komanso, khungu anapitiriza pH mulingo woyenera ndi ndende ya ayoni zofunika enzyme. Ngati chofunika tinthu chifukwa ena sangathe kudutsa bilayer wa phospholipids Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa katundu hydrophilic, kuyambira Kakhungu ndi hydrophobic mkati, mwina chifukwa cha kukula lawo lalikulu, iwo akhoza kuwoloka Kakhungu kudzera onyamula yeniyeni (chonyamulira mapuloteni) ndi endocytosis kapena mapuloteni ngalande. M'kati chabe zoyendera pawiri anayesedwa kunja wosanjikiza maselo popanda ndalama mphamvu ndi mayamwidwe pansi ndende masinthidwe amtundu. zosinthika imodzi ya ndondomeko izi amaona kuti magawowa kukhazikitsa lapansi. Pankhaniyi, thunthu amathandiza maselo kuwoloka wosanjikiza akunja molekyulu zapadera. Mwina kupezeka njira amatha kupatsira mtundu umodzi wokha wa chinthu. Zoyendera yogwira amafuna mphamvu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti gulu Pankhaniyi kumachitika ku ndende masinthidwe amtundu. Pa nembanemba Pankhaniyi pali mapampu wapadera mapuloteni, kuphatikizapo ATPase, amene mwachangu amawapopa mu chipinda ndipo potaziyamu ayoni, mapampu ndi sodium.

ntchito zina

Wosanjikiza akunja selo udzapereka bokosi ntchito. Izi zimachititsa ena malo mwagwirizana ndi lathu la mankhwala Kakhungu mapuloteni ndi anzake awo akadakwanitsira. Chifukwa ntchito makina amaperekedwa ndi maselo yoyenda yokha ndi nyumba mwathu komanso mogwirizana ndi maselo ena. Chofunika kwambiri pa nkhani iyi oimira zomera ali nyumba khoma. Nyama, kuonetsetsa ntchito makina zimadalira mankhwala intercellular. nembanemba The ntchito ndi mavuto mphamvu. Mu ndondomeko ya dzuwa mu chloroplasts ndi kupuma ma mu mitochondria malinga awo adamulowetsa mwa dongosolo mphamvu kutengerapo. Mu izi, monga nthawi zina zambiri, mapuloteni zedi. Chikhochi ndi chimodzi mwa lilime ntchito zofunika kwambiri. Ena mapulotini zimapezeka Kakhungu ndi maselo. Chifukwa mamolekyulu izi selo akhoza kuvomereza awa kapena zizindikiro zina. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala, kufalitsidwa kudzera m'magazi, mphamvu yekha maselo awo chandamale kuti ndi maselo lolingana imodzi kapena mahomoni ena. Palinso timene. Mankhwala awa kupereka kufala mtima. Iwonso kugwirizana ndi mapuloteni yeniyeni chandamale. zigawo Kakhungu kawirikawiri michere. Choncho enzymatic ntchito ya selo nembanemba. The plasma nembanemba a m'mimba zaminyewa maselo pano mankhwala m'mimba. Wosanjikiza kunja kwa maselo kwaiye ndi biopotentials unachitikira.

Anthu ambiri ayoni

Kugwiritsa nembanemba amapereka mkati zili K + ayoni pa mlingo kuposa kunja,. Anthu ambiri Na + n'chozama kwambiri kuposa kunja. Izi ndi zofunika makamaka kuyambira kusiyana angathe kuchita anapereka pa khoma ndipo m'badwo wa mitsempha mtima.

chodetsa

Analipo pa antigens Kakhungu, amene zinthu ngati ena "yachidule". Chodetsa zimathandiza kuzindikira selo. Glycoproteins - mapuloteni atazikocheza kwa iwo oligosaccharide nthambi unyolo mbali - ndi mbali ya "tinyanga". Popeza masanjidwe ambiri unyolo mbali angathe kukhala aliyense gulu la maselo kuti chizindikiro awo. Mothandizidwa ndi izi zimachitika kuzindikira ena zinthu zina kuti nawonso, zimawathandiza kuchita zoimbaimba. Izi zimachitika Mwachitsanzo, mapangidwe zimakhala ndi ziwalo. Malinga limagwirira limeneli anachita ntchito ya chitetezo cha m'thupi kuzindikira antigens yachilendo.

Zikuchokera ndi kapangidwe

Monga tanena, zikopa selo zigwirizana phospholipids. Komabe, pambali mu dongosolo alipo mafuta ndi glycolipids. Yotsirizira ndi lipids atazikocheza iwo ndi chakudya. Glyco- ndi phospholipids, makamaka opanga maselo makoma, ndi lopangidwa 2 zimam'patsa yaitali hydrophobic "michira". Iwo ali oyanjana ndi hydrophilic, adawalamulira "mutu". Chifukwa kukhalapo kwa mafuta m'thupi Kakhungu ali mlingo kofunika chinthu chimodzimodzi. Pawiri ali danga pakati pa hydrophobic michira zamadzimadzi, pofuna kupinda awo. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zikopa anthu amene zochepa mafuta m'thupi, kwambiri kusintha ndi zofewa, ndi komwe momvetsa M'malo mwake, chinthu chimodzimodzi wamkulu ndi fragility mu mpanda. Komanso, pawiri amachita ngati amasiya kuteteza gulu la maselo selo mamolekyulu kumalo ozizira. Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi mapulotini kudutsa nembanemba ndi ali ndi udindo katundu zosiyanasiyana. Kapena kuti chigoba cha selo zomera ndi chimafotokozera kapangidwe kake ndi lathu la mapuloteni.

a lipids annular

mankhwala awa ayandikira kwa mapuloteni ndi. Komabe, lipids annular zambiri streamlined ndi zochepa yam'manja. Mu zikuchokera awo lili zidulo mafuta ndi machulukitsidwe apamwamba. Lipids kuchokera nembanemba ndi pawiri proteinaceous. Popanda mchitidwe mapuloteni annular Kakhungu sizikugwira ntchito. Nthawi zambiri asymmetrical chipolopolo. M'mawu ena, izi zimatanthauza kuti zigawo ndi zosiyanasiyana za lipids. Mu kunja lili makamaka glycolipids, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholine, fosfatidilnozitol. Mu M'kati mwa lino fosfatidilnozitol, phosphatidylethanolamine ndi phosphatidylserine. The kusintha kwa mlingo umodzi kuti zamoyo wina yeniyeni kovuta. Komabe, zikhoza kuchitika zokha. Zimenezi zimachitika kamodzi pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. kusintha akhozanso anakwaniritsira ntchito mapuloteni-Flippase ndi skramblazy. Pamene kunja wosanjikiza fosatidilserila, macrophages kutenga udindo woteteza ndi kudyetsedwa ntchito yawo pa maselo a.

organelles

mbali akhoza adatsekedwa kapena wosakwatiwa ndi amakondana kwambiri, wosiyana ndi nembanemba hyaloplasm. Odnomembrannymi organelles ankaona periksisomy, vacuoles, lysosomes, zida Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum. Ndi dvumembrannym monga plastids, mitochondria, phata. Koma kapangidwe ka zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, organelles kuti ndi khoma osiyana amasiyana zikuchokera mapulotini lipids.

kusankha permeability

Kudzera nembanemba selo pang'onopang'ono akakufunsani mafuta ndi kwa amino zidulo, ayoni ndi glycerol, shuga. M'menemo makoma amachita zonse ndondomeko ndi kudutsa wina ndi kuchedwa zinthu zina. Yopemphera kwa pawiri, pali chachikulu limagwirira anayi mchipindamo. Zikuphatikizapo endo- kapena exocytosis, zoyendera yogwira, osmosis ndi mayamwidwe. Otsiriza awiri ndi chabe ndi sikutanthauza zolowa mphamvu. Koma choyamba awiri - zachangu. Kwa iwo, pamafunika mphamvu. Mu zoyendera chabe kusankha permeability anachititsa yofunika mapuloteni - njira yapadera. Kakhungu ndi chinamulowerera mwa iwo kupyolera. njira izi kupanga mtundu wa chikudutsa. Mapuloteni ndi zinthu zawo cl, Na, K. Pankhani ndende masinthidwe amtundu, molekyulu anagwira kayendedwe zinthu m'chipinda therefrom. Against maziko a mkwiyo pali kutsegula njira ndi sodium ion. Nawonso, kuyamba mofulumira kulowa selo. Izi limodzi ndi vutoli mu kuthekera Kakhungu. Komabe, iye akuchira. Potaziyamu njira lotsegukabe nthawi zonse. Ayoni kulowa foni kudzera pang'onopang'ono.

pomaliza

M'munsimu muli ntchito yochepa ndi kapangidwe ka khungu mbewu. Tebulo mulinso mfundo za zikuchokera ndi mchitidwe kwachilengedwenso.