Woyamba ndi mayiko olemera. Otukuka dziko m'zaka za m'ma 20. List cha mayiko kumene olemera

The mayiko olemera anayenera zachuma zoposa amadza chogwirika. Iwo anasamuka kupita patsogolo ndi samasintha udindo wa Madera yeniyeni. Choncho, mbiri ndi makhalidwe a m'mayiko amenewa kulandira chithandizo.

Kodi ayenera kumvetsa ndi mafakitale

Pamene akuti ntchito, tikulankhula za ndondomeko ya zachuma, zomwenso ndiko amapita ndi agrarian ndi luso waukulu kupanga makina. Zimenezi ndi khalidwe kiyi kuti mayiko olemera a dziko atsimikiziridwa.

Dziwani mbali zotsatirazi: atangomva kupanga makina akuyamba kupambana dziko, vuto la zachuma zipita mode kwambiri. Atayenda dziko makamaka mu gulu mafakitale ndi chifukwa chikoka cha zinthu monga chitukuko cha mafakitale luso ndi sayansi yatsopano. Kalikiliki zosintha zimenezi zili m'munda wa kupanga mphamvu ndi zitsulo.

Ndipotu, dziko lililonse otukuka ndi mankhwala kophunzira ya kusintha mu dera malamulo ndi ndondomeko. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndithudi, wopanda mapangidwe m'munsi gwero lalikulu ndi kukopa ambiri ntchito wotchipa.

Zotsatira za njira izi n'chakuti pa pulayimale gawo la chuma (ulimi, chuma migodi) akuyamba kulamulira sekondale (zopangira gawo processing). Zopangapanga amalimbikitsa chitukuko cha khalidwe sayansi ndi kukhazikitsa anayamba mu gawo kupanga. Izi nayenso amalola kwambiri pa ndalama ya anthu.

The mafakitale dziko loyamba

Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa deta mbiri, n'zotheka kuti mapeto zoonekeratu: kuti United States anali chapatsogolo kayendedwe mafakitale. Mu 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20, pali m'munsi lalikulu kukula wamphamvu mafakitale wakhazikitsidwa, umene zathandizira pa ntchito yaikulu. The zigawo zikuluzikulu za chimango ichi ndi gwero chapadera cha zipangizo, kusowa kwa zipangizo lotha ndi mapulogalamu ufulu mtheradi wa ntchito zachuma.

Poona mbiri ya chitukuko cha mafakitale, tisaiwale kuti chogwirika patsogolo malowa zinachitika m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri. Iwo akuwonetseredwa ndi kukula kwa mlingo wa chitukuko cha mafakitale lolemera. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti anamanga transcontinental njanji mzere.

Chotero dziko mafakitale ngati US, ndi chidwi popeza iye amene anali dziko loyamba mu dziko mbiri vuto la zachuma, m'dera la amene analembedwa mfundo zotsatirazi: chiwerengero cha makampani lolemera kuposa zizindikiro zina za ulimi wonse mafakitale. mayiko ena anali kukwaniritsa mlingo patapita nthawi yaitali.

Ena kusintha zina kuti pomalizira pake ziyenera kunyamula dziko mafakitale, Koma muzochitika ndale ndi malamulo. Pamene izi kufunika mosalephera kwa mphamvu zokwanira ndi ntchito wotchipa feedstock.

Chimodzi mwa zolinga ofunika kupanga mwa chuma mafakitale - ndi kutulutsidwa ambiri mankhwala itatha. Motero, ndalama yaikulu ya mankhwala zimathandiza makampani kulowa msika lonse.

Kusintha US katundu dongosolo makampani

Popeza kuti North America - dera lina kumene anakumana kukhala dziko ake mafakitale, wakhala woyamba mu mtundu uwu wa chuma, ndi Dziwani izi: kusintha lapindulidwa mwa kusintha kapangidwe makampani katundu US.

Tikuyankhula zokhudza mmene patsogolo sayansi ndi luso, zomwe zachititsa kuti zikamera ndi kukula kwa mafakitale watsopano, monga mafuta, zotayidwa, magetsi, labala, magalimoto, ndi ena. Pa nthawi yomweyo kupanga magalimoto ndi mafuta kuyenga ndi polojekitiyi kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chuma American.

Popeza magetsi msanga kugwiritsa pamoyo ndi kupanga palafini mofulumira kutaya kufunika kwake. Pa nthawi yomweyo kufunika kwa mafuta wakula bwinobwino. Zimenezi zalongosoledwa chifukwa chakuti mphamvu chitukuko cha mafakitale magalimoto, kumene kumakhala zachititsa kuti buku kuchuluka kwa zogula a mafuta, kwa kupanga mafuta ntchito.

Dziwani n'chakuti anali oyamba a galimoto mu moyo wa nzika US kunathandiza kwambiri pa kapangidwe ka mankhwala, kulola makampani kuyenga kukhala lalikulu.

Kusintha anakumana ndi njira ya gulu zomveka ntchito. Zimenezi zimakhudza chitukuko cha kiyi kuŵeta. Tikuyankhula makamaka mu mzere njira.

Chifukwa zinthu izi, ndi United States anayamba limanenedwa ngati dziko mafakitale.

nthumwi zina za chuma mafakitale

US, ndithudi, linakhala dziko loyamba, zimene zingathe n'chinthu chofunikira mafakitale. Ngati tikulingalira mayiko olemera kwa zaka za m'ma 20, kudzakhala kotheka kuonetsetsa mafunde awiri wamakono. pasukuluyi akhoza otchedwa organic ndi kugwira mmwamba chitukuko.

The mayiko a gawo loyamba ndi United States, Britain, France ndi maiko ena ang'ono European (Scandinavia, Holland, Belgium). Chitukuko cha mayiko onsewa ankasiyana kusintha pang'onopang'ono kwa mtundu mafakitale kupanga. Woyamba anafika mafakitale, akutsatiridwa ndi kusintha kwa misa ndi zikuluzikulu kupanga mtundu conveyor.

Mapangidwe njira otero yoyamba zina chikhalidwe ndi umoyo ndi zachuma:

- mkulu mlingo wa ulimi kupanga, amene wapita wamakono mu malo oyamba;

- kukhwima kwa asapita chofunika ndalama, zikubweretsa kukhwima msika zoweta ndi mphamvu yake kuyamwa mabuku lalikulu la mafakitale;

- kwambiri wosanjikiza ya anthu osauka omwe sangathe kupanga njira ina, kuwonjezera pa kupereka awo ogwira ntchito.

Mpaka lomaliza akhoza zimachitika kwa anthu amalonda amene anatha kudziunjikira likulu ndipo anali wokonzeka kuika mu ulimi weniweni.

Mayiko gawo lachiwiri

Poganizira mayiko olemera mu zaka za m'ma 20, pamene chionekera m'mayiko monga Austria-Hungary, Japan, Russia, Italy ndi Germany. oyamba ku mafakitale chifukwa kukopa kwa zinthu zinali mwanjira belated.

Ngakhale kuti ikuyenda kwambiri a mayiko, kukula kwa onse States, anali ndi zinthu wamba motsogozedwa mafakitale. Mbali yaikulu mu nkhani iyi ndi chikoka kwambiri a boma mu nthawi ya wamakono. Udindo wapadera wa boma mu njira izi kuzifotokoza ndi zifukwa zotsatirazi.

1. Choyamba, izo boma unachita mbali yofunika kwambiri kukhazikitsa kusintha amene cholinga anali patsogolo ubale chofunika ndalama, komanso kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha minda theka-achilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe, yodziwika ndi zokolola otsika. strategy Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti kwambiri ufulu ntchito kupanga kumabungwewa.

2. Kuti timvetse chifukwa m'mayiko otukuka nthawi yodziwika ndi gawo kwambiri mbali ya boma m'kati wamakono, ndi bwino powasamalira zinthu monga kufunika kuti atchule miyambo mkulu ntchito pa katundu kunja. kukhwimitsa likhoza kukhala pa mlingo wa malamulo. Ndipo chifukwa njira imeneyi, anthu opanga zoweta, amene adayima pa chiyambi cha chitukuko, adzatetezedwa ndi luso msanga kufika mlingo watsopano wa malonda.

3. Chifukwa chachitatu chimene nawo yogwira boma m'kati wamakono amavutika - ndi kusowa ndalama ku makampani ndalama kupanga. Kufooka kwa likulu zoweta anali kuchepetsa kudzera bajeti. Izi anasonyeza ndalama yomanga mafakitale ndi njanji. Nthawi zina ngakhale kulenga mabanki wosanganiza ndi makampani, ndi boma, ndi zina likulu lina. Ndipotu Ichi n'chifukwa maiko otukuka, kuwonjezera mankhwala katundu anali umalimbana kukopa ndalama zakunja. Makamaka anakhudzidwa ndi ndalama zinthu pa ndondomeko ya wamakono wa Japan, Russia ndi Austria-Hungary.

Ikani mayiko olemera mu chuma masiku ano

The ndondomeko Mokweza sanaleke chitukuko. Chifukwa nthawi imeneyi kupanga mayiko kumene otukuka. mndandanda iwo motere:

1. Singapore
2. Korea South,
3. Hong Kong,
4. Taiwan
5. Thailand
6. China
7. Indonesia
8. Malaysia,
9. India,
10. Philippines,
11. Brunei,
12. Vietnam.

Maiko anayi oyamba aime ndi enawo, chifukwa chimene iwo amatchedwa akambuku Asian. Mu 80s, aliyense wa tatchulazi limati wasonyeza mphamvu yake kupereka bwino chuma pachaka ndi chizindikiro pamwamba 7%. Komanso, iwo anatha kukwaniritsa mofulumira zokwanira kuthetsa umoyo ndi zachuma underdevelopment kwambiri kwa mlingo wa mayiko amene akhoza chimatanthauza otukuka.

I mwa mayiko olemera atsimikiziridwa

The UN nthawi zonse kuyan'anila zinthu mu dziko, ndi chidwi kutukula chuma m'madera osiyana. Mu gulu ili, pali muyezo zina mwa zomwe iwo kudziwa mayiko kumene otukuka. Lembani zitha kuligonjetsa dziko zikugwirizana ndi mfundo zina m'magulu awa:

- buku la wolowa katundu mafakitale;

- aakulu m'banja mankhwala pa munthu;

- chiwerengero cha GDP opanga (ayenera kukhala osachepera 20%);

- buku la ndalama kunja dziko;

- pachaka kukula kugunda kwa GDP.

Pakuti aliyense wa akwaniritsa zimenezi, ndi m'mayiko onse otukuka mu okwana mndandanda limene likunena kukula, ayenera kukhala zimasiyana limati zina.

Features wa chitsanzo chuma NIS

Pali zimayambitsa ena, onse mkati ndi kunja, kuti akhala akuthandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko chuma mayiko kumene otukuka.

Ngati ife kulankhula za zinthu kunja kukula zachuma, khalidwe la maiko onse, makamaka chidwi ayenera kuperekedwa mfundo zotsatirazi: Kaya m'mayiko otukuka amaonedwa, onse a iwo zidzalumikizana pali chidwi cha mayiko olemera. Ndipo ndiye zokonda chuma ndi ndale. Mwachitsanzo, chidwi bwino, zomwe zikusonyeza United States poyerekezera Korea South, ndipo Taiwan. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti m'madera amenewa amathandiza kuti otsutsa boma chikominisi umene uli mu Asia East.

Chifukwa, America wakhala limati awiriwa chidwi asilikali ndi chuma thandizo, amene analenga mtundu wa mopupuluma kutukula zazikulu m'mayiko amenewa. N'chifukwa chake m'mayiko otukuka, kuwonjezera pa katundu wa katundu, makamaka lolunjika pa ndalama zakunja.

Koma mayiko South Asia, kupita patsogolo ndi chifukwa kuchirikiza mwachangu Japan, mu zaka otsiriza atsegula nthambi zosiyanasiyana kampani amene analenga ntchito yatsopano ndi kulera mlingo wa makampani onse.

Dziwani kuti mayiko kumene olemera, ili mu Asia, ambiri likulu ankapitabe lolunjika pa mafakitale zachilengedwe ndi mafakitale kupanga.

Koma m'mayiko Latin American m'dera lino, ndalama anaika osati pa mafakitale kupanga, komanso mu gawo utumiki, komanso malonda.

Pankhaniyi, sangathe kunyalanyaza chenicheni cha kukula kwa cuma padziko lonse likulu yachilendo payekha. N'chifukwa chake m'mayiko otukuka popanda chuma chake pa pafupifupi gawo zachuma ndi kuchuluka ena likulu lina.

Latin American chitsanzo cha NIS

zitsanzo awiri ofunika kwambiri, imene n'zotheka nalo dongosolo ndi mfundo za chitukuko cha maiko ambiri mafakitale kuima mu amasiku ano. Tikuyankhula zokhudza dongosolo Latin American ndi Asian.

Chitsanzo choyamba lolunjika pa inatha M'MALO, yomwenso chachiwiri ali wolowa. M'mawu ena, m'mayiko ambiri lolunjika pa msika zoweta, pamene ena adzalandira zambiri za likulu kudzera zogulitsa kunja.

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mayankho ku funso la chifukwa mayiko otukuka, kuwonjezera pa katundu wa katundu, kwambiri za mwachangu pa inatha M'MALO. Izo zonse zidzafika ku ntchito chitsanzo makamaka. Tikumbukenso kuti zoweta msika machulukitsidwe njira ya mankhwala dziko zathandiza maiko ambiri kupeza patsogolo chuma. Chifukwa chaichi kunali kofunika kusiyanitsa kapangidwe chuma dziko. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kwambiri mphamvu kupanga wakhala anapanga, ndipo kwambiri chinawonjezeka mlingo wa Kudzidalira m'madera ambiri.

Ndipotu m'mayiko onsewa amene ankalemekeza pa chitukuko cha ulimi, kulola kuti bwino m'malo imports, pamavuto aakulu chili pa nthawi. Monga zifukwa zimenezi ayenera kudziwa imfa ya Mwachangu ndi kusinthasintha a dongosolo la zachuma, zomwe ndi chifukwa chosowa mpikisano yachilendo.

Zimakhala zovuta kuti mayiko kutenga malo amphamvu pa dziko msika chifukwa cha kusowa makampani-sitima, deducing dera kupanga kwa mlingo watsopano Mwachangu ndi zoyenerera.

Monga mwachitsanzo, Latin American maiko (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico). limati awa anatha kusiyanitsa chuma cha dziko mpaka kufika malo kwambiri mu msika lonse. Komabe si anakwanitsa andipeze ndi msinkhu wawo patsogolo chuma m'mayiko olemera, apindulitsa za malonda.

zinachitikira Asian

Apindulitsa za malonda chitsanzo, limene yagwiridwira NIS Asia, akhoza limanenedwa ngati zotsogola kwambiri ndi kusintha zokwanira. Dziwani chakuti kufanana inatha, amene kulemba ndi pamodzi ndi vuto la zachuma chiwembu a. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti kunapezeka kuti zitsanzo ziwiri, ndi emphases osiyana, akhoza pamodzi bwino. Choncho, malinga ndi nyengo makamaka patsogolo akhonza kupatsidwa anthu zogwirizana kwambiri.

Koma mfundo ndi yakuti pamaso boma amapita ku mwatsatane zazikulu katundu thambo ayenera kudutsa inatha M'MALO ndi bwino ziziyenda kuchuluka kwake mu chitsanzo chonse zachuma.

NIEs Asian akhala yodziwika ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale ntchito-tima apindulitsa za malonda. Pa nthawi, ankalimbikitsa ali ankatembenukira kwa mafakitale likulu-tima zamakono. Pa nthawi, cholinga chachikulu cha m'mayiko amenewa mu chimango cha njira panopa zachuma - ndi linanena bungwe, sipangakhalenso yodziwika kudziwa ofotokoza. Nawonso mmphepete ndi ntchito-tima kupanga wapatsidwa kumayiko latsopano mafakitale yoweyula chachiwiri.

Choncho, tingathe kuganiza kuti ndondomeko ya zachuma za dziko lina la mafakitale zimadalira malo ake pamsika wa mdziko.