Woyamba Russian zisinthe

prerequisites

Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri ku Ulaya anagwedeza amphamvu mavuto azachuma. Ine mbakuya ndi Russia. Mavuto zikwi ang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe mabizinezi, ndi mazana a anthu zikwizikwi opanda ntchito. Pamwamba pa zonse, pakati Russia ndi Japan, nkhondo inayambika, imene asilikali Russian zowawa linagonja. Umphawi ndi ulova akhudza anthu ambiri. Ziribe kanthu momwe mofulumira kapena kukhala makampani mu Russian Ufumu, ntchito sikunali kokwanira. mavutowo lidaupereka kwa kumva zonse. Zonsezi akusokoneza mavuto dziko. M'midzi ambiri osauka opanda minda, amene basi sanathe kulipira magawo zochepa, mowolowa manja operekedwa ndi iwo anakhazikika pa kusintha 1861 a dziko Siberia kapena Far East ndi nyengo zawo nkhanza sayesa aliyense.

Ngakhale kusintha kwambiri anthu amene anachitika mwa nthawi imeneyo, Russian Ufumu akali ndi mafumu mtheradi, imene ambiri anali akumanidwa ufulu. Pali ndi chinyengo dziko kuti anthu ambiri alibe ngakhale mwayi wophunzitsa ana m'chinenero chawo, osanenapo ntchito m'mabwalo kapena mabungwe a boma.

Yambani ulimi

Izi, mu Mwachidule, zinali bwanji imene Choyamba Russian utasintha. Chifukwa penipeni anali zochitika za January 9, 1905 Pa tsiku ili, kusonyeza antchito, kutsogozedwa ndi wansembe Gapon anapita ku Zima Palace ku likulu kupereka mfumu pempho udzafunidwa mavuto ntchito, makonzedwe a ufulu ndale, etc. 140,000th mzati ndi mafano ndi zithunzi za tsar anafika m'bwalo pamene anatsegula moto pa apolisi ndi asilikali. Anthu oposa chikwi anaphedwa ndi zikwi zingapo anavulala.

Zitachitika izi, dziko kunabuka monga nyali. zankhanza zakwiyitsa zikwi za anthu, ndipo anayamba kunyanyala ndi misonkhano kudutsa Russia. Palokha, likulu kufalitsidwa antchito awo sagwirizana ndi asilikali. Choncho anayamba woyamba Russian zisinthe.

Zigawo zosiyana za anthu mosiyana anatani chochitika. Unikani atatu magulu a zandale: wa ndiwofatsa, owolowa manja ndi chosintha-demokalase. Zoyambazo zikuphatikizapo mbali ya autocracy (landlords, akuluakulu Ofisala, otchuka), zomwe wosakanikirana zinthu chisanadze chosintha. Iwo anali okonzeka kusiya chirichonse monga izo ziri. Oimira ambiri kwakukulu a azimuth kunali mazana Black - mamembala a "Union of anthu Russian." Mumsasa owolowa manja anali akamapeza okonda olemekezeka, aluntha, ndi bourgeoisie. Amenewa anali zigawo za anthu, amene ankafuna kusintha uku, koposa zonse, kukula kwa ufulu ndale ndi kumasulika, mwayi wofalitsa lolamulira dziko. Ndi msasa chosintha demokalase anagwirizana ndi antchito, anthu wamba osauka, bourgeoisie wosalabadira. Anthu awa okonzeka kuthandiza Socialist-boma ndi Democrats Social, amene kulimbikitsa Kulandidwa kwa mfumu komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa Republic a.

Mu 1905 woyamba Russian zisinthe anali kukuchuluka. Kale m'chilimwe cha kunyanyala ndi kunyanyala nayo nthawi nawo kwa anthu miliyoni. Iwo anayamba zonena zawo, ndi nthumwi za magulu dziko. Mfumu anapanga zokambirana: woyamba, analoledwa kuti akonze yamalamulo - Boma Duma, ndipo kenako anthu analandira ufulu wa ndale. Kukodzedwa ndipo chiwerengero cha anthu amene angakhale nawo pa chisankho cha aphungu.

Manifestos pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Duma ndi ufulu ndale akhala analandiridwa ndi olekerera kwa. Aliyense zipani zandale ngati Cadets ndi Octobrists, amene anali wofunitsitsa kuchita nawo chisankho kwa Duma. Malinga ndi atsogoleri a olekerera, ulimi choyamba (monga adzatchedwa kenako) lakwaniritsa zolinga zake.

Koma ambirimbiri anthu, zokambirana izi si anatsimikizira. M'chilimwe ndi m'dzinja la kupanduka chaka zinafika mpaka asilikali ndi m'nyanja, amene ankaona kuthandiza boma. Kukwera kusesa Black Sea ndi amalinyero Baltic, asilikali, Kharkov, Kiev, Tashkent, Warsaw asilikali. Koma zimenezi onse sanalandire thandizo yotakata ndipo posakhalitsa kuletsedwa. Mu December 1905, anam'galukira ntchito mu Moscow. Mothandizidwa ndi asilikali anabweretsa ku St. Petersburg boma anatha wayesetsa kuchibisa, ndipo kenako ndi asilikali wosweka zisudzo m'mizinda ina. ntchito Public anayamba kupita pansi. Koma chaka chotsatira, komabe anapitiriza wamba kuukira.

Mapeto ndi zotsatira

Mu 1906 anayamba ntchito 1st State Duma. Yamalamulo ili sizinakhalitse ndipo anachotsedwa chifukwa cha zikuchokera awo kwakukulu. Tsoka chomwecho ankavutika Duma lotsatira. Kenako, June 3, 1907, lamulo latsopano, chiwerengero cha adzaponye chisanko suzivshy Analeredwa. Chochitika ichi makamaka itatha yoyamba Russian zisinthe. Zionetsero misa ndi nthawi anali pafupifupi kuletsedwa. mamembala awo inatha miyoyo yawo kapena pa zokoloweka ndi, umapereka wotchedwa "Stolypin tayi" (pambuyo Nduna ndiye), kapena m'nyumba yandende, ndipo yakalavula gaga.

Choncho, zimene zinachititsa woyamba Russian zisinthe, ndi chifukwa izo zinalephereka? Yankho la funso lachiwiri zoonekeratu: mphamvu zandale nawo izo, anachita mosiyana, zofuna zawo osati kawirikawiri mwamalunji. Koma zotsatira za, kupambana chofunika kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa dongosolo la ndale. The State Duma, anaonekera mu njira ya zisinthe, anakhala kumeneko. Ngakhale kutisokoneza, izo Komabe, motsogoleredwa ndi mfundo zina za boma. Ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo kumakhaladi nsanja andale ambiri. Oimira oponderezedwa anthu zisinthe wabweretsa mwayi kufalitsa mabuku ndi manyuzipepala m'chinenero chawo, ntchito mu zisudzo ed. Koma sukulu m'chinenero chawo chifukwa anthu ambiri (mwachitsanzo, Ukrainians ndi Belarusians) ndi kukhala kufikako.