Kuyambira cha m'ma 19 lonse, mafunso okhudza oyamba a malamulo ndi chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom anali zogwirizana kwambiri. Aliyense mfumu anali masomphenya ake pa iwo, koma iwo onse amakhala ndi kuzindikira kuti wamba funso ndi mwachangu kwambiri. Lamulo pa wamba wokakamizidwa - mmodzi mwa anthu ntchito njira.
Mu nkhani zakale
Inalowa mpando wachifumu Nicholas Ine zinali zodzaza ndi kupanduka wa Decembrists. umboni wawo pa kufufuza anasonyeza kuti, pamodzi ndi chiwerengero cha zofuna za ndale ndi mamembala a gululi ali kutchedwa kwa chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom. Pa nthawi yomweyo tinapatsidwa mfundo zabwino ndiponso mfundo zachuma ndi boma, ndi zauzimu zifukwa kufunika kopanga wamba mwaulere posachedwapa. Kwenikweni, chotero boma ntchito anadzipatsa wina Alexander Wamkulu. Komabe, chifukwa mikangano mkati ndale, ndi yogwira mfundo yachilendo ndi kusakhutira pakati pa nzika lalikulu munthu ufulu wamba analandira okha Baltic States. Lamulo pa wamba thayo ndi mmodzi mwa anthu ambiri pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Nicholas. Kubweretsa nkhani za zokambirana pagulu, iye sanatero, ndipo ankachita ndi makomiti chinsinsi. Kwa zaka 30 panali khumi, koma zochita pa nkhani zachinsinsi.
m'Makomiti wamba funso
Nicholas Ine ndi zambiri ndiwofatsa, koma monga mukudziwa, ngakhale osafuna kusintha panjira kusintha, pamene m'pofunika kukhala dongosolo alipo. Wamba woyamba komiti chinsinsi unakhazikitsidwa kale mu 1826, amaphatikiza kanjedza ngati odziwika bwino kwa Alexander nyengo monga MM Speransky ndi VP Kochubey. zaka 6 ntchito yake inakhala maziko ongolankhula makomiti m'tsogolo, koma palibe chimene chinasintha zinthu za serfdom. Pafupi Committee mu 1835 anakamba ntchito ya Kumasuka a dongosolo lino, kunena, dispossession wodzala wamba lapansi. State kuti sangapite, chifukwa wamba anali wokhoma chachikulu. The chifukwa cha ntchito za komiti lotsatira anakhala lamulo lokakamiza wamba (1842). Tsatirani mabungwe chinsinsi nkhani patokha bwalo, pa n'zotheka kupeza serfs dziko ndi ena.
lamulo Features
Choyamba, muyenera yomweyo kudziŵika kuti lamulo pa wamba wokakamizidwa anapereka osati kumanga kukhazikitsa ndi pamawu. Ndiko kuti, n'zotheka, ndi momwe angachitire nzika - ndi pa nzeru zawo. Chifukwa cha serfs miliyoni khumi kunditumiza ku ngongole, koma lopanda twente-faifi kwa anthu twente-seveni zikwi. Izi amatchedwa tsiku ndi tsiku tsiku ndi tsiku moyo "akuponya chidebe cha." Chachiwiri, lamulo pa wamba thayo anayesa kuganizira zofuna za magulu onse. Alimi analandira ufulu boma, boma analandira amakhoma misonkho zachilendo ndipo nzika anali eni dziko. Kachitatu, zimenezi pamlingo winawake anatsutsa lamulo wotchuka "pa alimi ufulu", amene amapereka dziko ukapolo kwa amphawi dipo. Dzikolo linali ndi atathana mosamalitsa monga chuma cha landlords.
Okhutira lamulo
Lamulo pa wamba ayenera kuloledwa landlords kulola wamba ufulu ndi kusainira chisanadze pangano ndi iwo. Iwo anati kuchuluka kwa dziko amene anasamutsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito wamba, komanso chiwerengero cha masiku a serfdom ndi kuchuluka kwa zopereka zimene ayenera zakale mwini serf m'dziko, mwachitsanzo, mwini malo a ntchito. Mgwirizano uwu adzaphwanyika wovomerezeka ndi boma ndi sanasinthe yaitali. Choncho, mwininyumba angathe popanda alimi zambiri pangano la dziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo, lamulo wokakamizidwa wamba yatsala lamanja patrimonial wa olemekezeka a khoti ndipo ntchito zonse apolisi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu m'midzi, chimodzimodzi ngati poyamba paja, limabweretsa Yehova.
zotsatira za lamulo
Ngakhale ziyembekezo boma, buku la lamulo pa wamba thayo linkawakhudza pang'ono kwambiri. Ngakhale landlords ndi osungidwa dziko kupereka kulakwa kwa iwo, ndipo anapitiriza mphamvu m'mudzi, koma iwo sanathe kuwonjezera kapena kuchepa ntchito wamba wambiri. Choncho, ambiri a iwo sali msangamsanga kwa amapondereza ufulu kusamutsa kuti udindo wa serfs anakakamizika. Moyo ndi wokakamizidwa wamba sanasinthe kwambiri, koma mwankhanza wa otchuka linayamba kusagwirizana zikutanthauza mwayi zambiri zachitukuko. Ping'ono anamasulidwa pansi lamuloli amalankhula mmene iye kochepa pa kuli serfdom. Kwenikweni, Nicholas ndinazindikira kuti vuto alipo, koma kuti ndi choopsa kwambiri kukhudza, ndipo tichita zinthu mosamala.
Kuthetsa vuto la serfdom
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo pa wamba thayo anali chilolezo zing'onozing'ono kukopa anthu ndi ntchito mwamsanga chitukuko cha Russia. Crimea nkhondo, amene Russia anataya, anasonyeza kufunika kwa kusintha. Lopinda zinthu chosintha bwanji makalasi chapamwamba, amene movutikira, koma potsiriza adapangana ndi boma kuti alimi ayenera kuchita ufulu. Pa nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha kusintha anali kumasula wamba m'dziko kwenikweni, koma dipo. Makulidwe ziwembu ndi ndalama chiwombolo zosiyanasiyana malinga zigawo Russia, wamba si nthawi zonse malo okwanira, koma sitepe patsogolo chaonekera. ngongole Special amapita ku Alexander II, amene anali wokhoza kubweretsa kunayamba pamapeto pa mlengalenga ambiri zotsutsa kuchokera kumanzere ndi mphamvu ya kudzanja phiko. Kuwonjezera chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom iwo kusintha zinthu zina zofunika kunachitika, chinachititsa kuti ubale capitalist. Mu nkhani, Iye adalowa monga "mpulumutsi".