Anthu pamwamba - Werengani kapena Duke? Kodi chimasiyanitsa kalonga ku Lililonse?

Sayansi yapita patsogolo pa nthawi yochepa kwambiri anasintha dziko lathu. Ambiri mwa mfundo zimene zinali otchuka zaka zana zapitazo, lero ndi chinthu chakale. Mwachitsanzo, pa funso lakuti: "Ndani ali wamkulu - Werengani kapena Duke," makolo athu ankayankha ndilipo.

Komabe, ambiri a ife, anayikamo Alley akhungu. Ndithudi, anthu a m'nthawi XXI n'zosadabwitsa kuti kusochera mu mutu wa otchuka, ndipo makamaka kufotokoza kusiyana pakati kalonga ku Chiwerengero.

Maonekedwe a zigawo otchuka

Zinthu zokhudza anthu akale anali mosamalitsa malamulo. Munthu aliyense anabadwa anatenga izo pamlingo winawake, ndi kusintha kwa kalasi wina ndi mzake zinali zosatheka. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mu Ages Middle, panali maudindo osiyanasiyana, amene okhudza moyo ndi mabwenzi mwa magulu.

Anthu otchuka anaonekera mu Europe mu ndondomeko ya mapangidwe feudalism, pamene pali kufunika streamline asapita pakati pa mafumu ndi awo aang'ono. Mu ntchito otsiriza ndi kuteteza zofuna ndi moyo wa mbuye ang'onoang'ono amene iwo ali mu malo a fulakesi. Choncho, akale njonda - wankhondo, wokonzeka pa kuitana kwa suzerain agwirizane asilikali ake.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, kusintha asapita chuma m'dziko, ndi kuti udindo wa amazikonda anthu otchuka. Mwachitsanzo, Zithunzi - udindo amatanthauzidwa kumayambiriro Middle Ages lalikulu ang'onoang'ono wolamulira, inali mphamvu zonse ku mudzi wake. Komabe, pambuyo mapangidwe limati centralized mwini wake anasonyeza chowonjezera chabe otchuka ndi apamwamba - otchuka.

Lotchedwa olemekezeka a ku Ulaya

Monga tanenera kale, aliyense kalasi anali wokhwimitsa dongosolo masanjidwe. Motero, anthu otchuka unagawidwa makolo ndi kudandaula, komanso kwa lotchedwa alibe maudindo. Gulu lomaliza m'mayiko onse anali ochuluka kuposa.

amayanjana Social otchuka mafuko anatsimikiza ndi mfundo za kubadwa m'banja wolemekezeka, pamene eni luso la kukhala m'gulu la mwayi chifukwa ubwino kapena utumiki chilema pagulu.

Lotchedwa olemekezeka anali pamwamba pa piramidi masanjidwe, yokha olamulira a gentility ndi a m'banja lachifumu. Akalonga, atsogoleri, udindo, marquises, barons, viscounts anali ang'onoang'ono apamwamba ku Ulaya Western.

Koma kalonga - chizindikiro zimagwiritsa ntchito mu malo olemekezeka a limati Asilavo. Chofunika machesi Western European kalonga kapena wolamulira.

Magwero a maudindo mfulu

Patapita zaka zambiri tsopano n'zosatheka kunena motsimikiza ndiponso mmene anali mutu aulemu a otchuka. Tiyerekeze Zithunzi - chizindikiro ofufuza amanena mawu Latin akubwera. Kotero mu mochedwa Roma anawatcha apamwamba boma olemekezeka. Lero, mu zilankhulo Romance, mutu uwu olembedwa monga conte (Italy), conde (Spanish) ndi comte (French).

Mafuko a Afulanki kumayambiriro Ages Middle silithandiza amatchedwa atsogoleri a m'madera m'mudzi. Pambuyo pa zaka zambirimbiri, mu ulamuliro wa Charles ndi dazi, umwini awo ndi udindo, pamodzi ndi lamanja la kasamalidwe anayamba tinatengera.

akalonga Asilavo poyamba anali atsogoleri a mafuko, ndipo patapita zaka za mutuwu aulemu anayamba kugwirizana ndi pobereka, woyang'anira dera wina amene adali ndi ufulu wolamulira, tinatengera.

Choncho, mungaone chinthu chimodzi mu mutu wa "Kalonga" ndi "Chiwerengero". kusiyana ndi poyamba zambiri m'mayiko ambiri. Mu Ulaya, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu chizengerezo; pamene kum'mawa ndi pakati - Prince. Only ndi nthawi maudindo awa anapeza tanthauzo lina.

Petrine Table a maudindo

otchuka Russian unakhazikitsidwa m'zaka XII pamaziko a serfs mu utumiki wa boyars ndi akalonga. Iwo anachita ntchito zosiyanasiyana milandu ndi utsogoleri, pamodzi ndi wawo kulowa usilikali asilikali kalonga.

Peter Ine polimbana generic Boyar apamwamba anayambitsa maudindo watsopano otchuka, anaitenga ku Ulaya. Choncho, mu XVIII atumwi ku Russia, limodzi ndi akalonga anaonekera udindo ndi barons. Awa ndi zaluso zina analemba Table a maudindo - mndandanda wa boma, bwalo ndi akuluakulu a asilikali.

Panapita kanthawi, kufikira nzika za autocrat Russian latsopano dongosolo masanjidwe ndi kuzimvetsa amene ndi apamwamba - Werengani kapena Duke. mutu wotsiriza analiko Russia nthawi yaitali, ndipo pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Peter ndinali 47 Kalonga mabanja Russia.

apatse kwa mutu wa ulemu

kusintha Petro athetsa olamulira apamwamba, zomwe zinali zochokera gentility. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, akalonga akanakhala osati ana a Rurik ndi Gediminas. Kukwezedwa kwa kalonga kapena ulemu n'kulemba tsopano kudalira chifuniro cha mfumu.

Woyamba mu Russia, pamaso pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Zamkatimu mabungwe analandira udindo wa Chiwerengero Boris Sheremetyev - Field polimbana ndi gulu Petra Velikogo. Komabe, si onse kuchiyang'anira mfumu wokonzanso mowolowa manja chopatsika maudindo latsopano. Catherine II anakwezedwa ulemu ndi Chiwerengero cha makamaka okondedwa awo.

Pakuti ntchito yatsopano ntchito ndi mankhwala enieni: Wolemekezeka, Wolemekezeka. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti olamulira a m'nthawi XVIII. Sitinadziwe unali mwayi waukulu chonchi. Pachifukwa ichi, funso: "Ndani ali wamkulu - Werengani kapena Duke" Russian fuko lomveka pa nthawi, nthawi zambiri, akanati: "n'kulemba". M'zaka za zana lotsatira udindo linakonzedwa makamaka atumiki kapena amene kale kupereka dongosolo Andreya Pervozvannogo.

Kodi osiyana Kalonga wa Lililonse

M'zaka za m'ma XIX, mafumu sanatero stint pa mphoto latsopano. Choncho, pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma mu Russia panali 310 Kalonga kubadwa ndi akalonga 250. Nthawi yapadera, njonda yemwe amaloledwa kukhala ndi mayina audindo angapo. Mwachitsanzo, Suvorov V. kwambiri kwa Service ku Lathu anamangidwira mu kuwerengera, ndi ulemu kalonga.

Choncho, amene ali pamwamba - Werengani kapena Duke? Mwachidule, chofukizira lotsiriza la mutu anaima mu utsogoleri wolowezana mu ndime pamwamba. Prince akhoza kukhala yekhayo amene kale anakwezedwa ulemu ndi Chiwerengero cha.

Izi zilili anali lililonse osati kwa anthu otchuka Russian. Monga tanena, kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi udindo wa Kalonga chofanana mutu wa Duke kapena kalonga, amene wotanganidwa rung apamwamba pa makwerero lolemera.