Amene akulamulira ku Soviet Union pambuyo mbiri Stalin

Ndi imfa ya Stalin - "tate wa mitundu ya anthu" ndi "mmisiri wa chikominisi" - mu 1953, kulimbana mphamvu monga mwambo wa umunthu, anakhazikitsa iye, ankatenga helm wa USSR adzakhala yemweyo autocratic mtsogoleri amene adzatenga impso wa komiti ya boma .

Kusiyana anali kokha chakuti khama chachikulu mphamvu ngati wina kulimbikitsa chiyembekezo chakuti a mwambo wokha ndi liberalization wa Inde ndale za dziko.

Amene analamulira pambuyo Stalin?

Akuluakulu kulimbana kunabuka pakati pa khama zitatu, womwe poyamba inkakhala triumvirate ndi - Georgi Malenkov (wapampando wa Bungwe la nduna USSR), Lavrentiem Beriey (Nduna ya olowa ya unduna Internal) ndi Nikitoy Hruschevym (Mlembi wa CPSU). Aliyense wa iwo ankafuna kuti atenge malo a mutu wa boma, koma chigonjetso akhoza kupeza okha wodandaulayu, amene candidacy adzavomereza chipani anthu ake anasangalala ulamuliro waukulu ndipo ndi yogwirizana bwino. Komanso, iwo onse amakhala ndi chilakolako choti tikhale okhazikika m'chikhulupiriro, kumaliza nthawi ya kupondereza ndi kupeza ufulu wambiri pa zochita zawo. N'chifukwa chake funso la amene akulamulira atamwalira Stalin, sikuti ndi yankho yotsimikizika - anali anthu atatu okha omwe anali kumenyana mphamvu.

The triumvirate mphamvu: chiyambi cha kugawanika ndi

Adalenga pansi Stalin triumvirate ulamuliro kugawana. Ambiri ali anaikira mu manja a Malenkov ndi Beria. Khrushchev anapatsidwa udindo wa nduna ya za CPSU Committee Central, si kofunika kwambiri pamaso pa adani ake. Koma iwo saganizira za maudindo ndi amphamvu membala chipani, anafotokoza maganizo kwambiri komanso yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale.

Kwa amene analamulira dzikoli atachokako Stalin, kunali kofunika kumvetsa amene mu malo oyamba kuthetsa ku mpikisano. Iye atayamba loyamba Lavrenty Beria. Khrushchev ndi Malenkov ankadziwa kuti dossier pa aliyense wa iwo anali Nduna ya za M'dziko, woyang'anira dongosolo lonse la matupi kuponderezedwa. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mu July 1953, Beria anamangidwa, akumunena akazitape ndi zolakwa zina, motero kuchotsa chotero mdani woopsa.

Malenkov ndi mfundo zake

yonena Khrushchev ali ngati kulinganiza chiwembucho chawonjezeka kwambiri, ndi kukopa kwake pa mamembala ena a gulu itakula. Komabe, pamene wapampando wa Bungwe la nduna anali Malenkov, zosankha zikuluzikulu ndi malangizo ndale ankadalira izo. Pa msonkhano woyamba wa Presidium kumene linatengedwa kuti De-Stalinization ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kasamalidwe gulu la dziko: izo zinakonzedwa kupasula mwambo wa umunthu, koma izo mwa njira yotero kuti angasokoneze "tate wa zipambano za anthu. Waukulu ntchito zoikika Malenkov, anali kukhala chuma, amaganizira zofuna za anthu. Iye apereka pulogalamu yaikulu kwambiri ya kusintha, omwe si anatengedwa pa msonkhano wa Presidium wa CC CPSU. Ndiye Malenkov atapereka maganizo chomwecho kwa Council Supreme gawo, kumene naye. Kwa nthawi yoyamba pambuyo ulamuliro autocrat Stalin Anagwirizana kuti chipani, ndi ulamuliro mkulu. CPSU chapakati Committee ndi Politburo anali kugwirizana ndi kuti.

Mbiri wotsatira limasonyeza kuti pakati pa amene analamulira pambuyo Stalin, Malenkov adzakhala kwambiri "aluso" zochita zawo. Iwo anatengera phukusi la miyeso kulimbana bureaucracy boma ndi chipani zida, pa chitukuko chakudya ndi makampani kuwala, kukuza kudziyimira pawokha wa minda gulu tagwira zipatso: zaka 1954-1956 kwa nthawi yoyamba pambuyo pa nkhondo anasonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa anthu akumidzi ndi kukula kwa ulimi, umene patapita kuchepa ndipo stagnation wakhala opindulitsa. Zotsatira za zonsezi anali anakhalabe mpaka 1958. Ndi nthawi imeneyi zaka zisanu imatengedwa kuti ndi asonyeza ndi kothandiza atamwalira Stalin.

Amene adzalamulira pambuyo Stalin, zinaonekeratu kuti Mokhumbira ngati sizigwira ntchito makampani monsemo, ngati Malenkov bwana chitukuko chosiyana ake kuchita ntchito kukonzekera lotsatira dongosolo zaka zisanu, ndi moganizira Kukwezeleza makampani lolemera.

Georgy Malenkov anayesa kum'fikira othetsera mavuto kwa mfundo zomveka maganizo, kugwiritsa tiganizira zachuma osati maganizo. Komabe, dongosolo limeneli sankasangalala ndi nomenclature chipani (lotsogoleredwa ndi Khrushchev), saatha udindo lake lalikulu mu moyo wa boma. Iwo anali wamphamvu kukangana ndi Malenkov, amene ali opanikizika chipani mu February 1955 mlanduwu kalata yosiyira ntchito. Iye anali m'malo ndi mnzake Khrushchev Nikolai Bulganin. Malenkov anakhala mmodzi wa akuluakulu wake, koma pambuyo pa kuvunda kwa 1957 odana Party gulu (umene anali membala a), pamodzi ndi anthu ake anachotsedwa pa Presidium wa CC CPSU. Khrushchev anatenga mwayi pa zimenezi ndipo mu 1958 anatenga Malenkov monga wapampando wa Bungwe la nduna kutenga malo ake ndi kukhala malamulowo pambuyo Stalin mu USSR.

Choncho, Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev lolunjika mphamvu pafupifupi mu manja ake. Iye anachotsa awiri a mpikisano amphamvu kwambiri ndiponso kutsogolera dziko.

Amene analamulira dziko atamwalira Stalin ndi Malenkov kukondera?

Zaka 11 Khrushchev analamulira USSR, wolemera mu zochitika osiyana ndi kusintha. Pa uchimo panali mavuto ambiri anakumana ndi boma pambuyo mafakitale a nkhondo, komanso kuyesetsa kutsitsimutsa chuma. yachitika omwe sizidzakumbukiridwa nthawi ya ulamuliro Khrushchev ndi zotsatirazi:

1. Policy chitukuko cha m'mayiko namwali (tilibe maphunziro a sayansi) - chawonjezeka chiwerengero cha m'madera afesedwa, koma kuganizira mbali nyengo, zomwe akulephera kuchita chitukuko cha ulimi m'madera anayamba.
2. "Chimanga kampeni", cholinga chimene chinali andipeze ndi kukupezani United States, phindu lochuluka la mbewu imeneyi. Chimanga acreage kukodzedwa kawiri kuwonongeka kwa mbewu ya rye ndi tirigu. Koma chifukwa anali wachisoni - nyengo musalole kupeza mkulu zipatso, ndi kuchepetsa m'dera pansi mbewu zina chikwiyire kulandira pamlingo wochepa kwa deta awo. Kampeni alephera momvetsa chisoni mu 1962, ndipo zotsatira zake zinali kuwuka mu mitengo mafuta ndi nyama, chimene chinapangitsa kusakhutira pakati pa anthu.
3. Chiyambi cha perestroika - yomanga Unyinji wa nyumba, amene walola mabanja ambiri yochoka m'zipinda zogona ndi nyumba limodzi mu (otchedwa "Khrushchev").

Zotsatira za ulamuliro Khrushchev a

Mwa anthu amene analamulira pambuyo Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev anaima ulaliki wake sagwirizana nazo ndi nthawi woganiza kuti kusintha mkati mwa dziko. Ngakhale ntchito ambiri amene anazindikira, kusatsatira zabweretsa anasintha ku malo a Khrushchev mu 1964.