Wrangel Island Nature Reserve, malo pa mapu a Russia, nyengo malo. Zinyama ndi zomera za Wrangel Island

Today tidzakhala ndi dziko Wrangel. Chilumbachi ndi chidwi kwambiri. Iwo anavutika anafuna Russian wapaulendo, ndipo anatsegula Briton ndi German. Ndiye chilumba m'chipululu anali "apulo kusagwirizana" pakati Soviet Union ndi United States. dziko wazunguliridwa ndi nthano. Pali ngakhale maganizo amodzi a anthu ochokera ku Gulag yolakwika inali pano. Koma ngakhale popanda kuonetsa msasa m'dziko zinali kumapha anthu. Palibe kumalo ozizira anafa. Lero chisumbucho akupitiriza Timasangalalanso asayansi atulukira latsopano chidwi. Mmene chilumba unakhazikitsidwa, kodi pali chithandizo, nyengo, nyama ndi zomera - onani nkhani imeneyi.

Wrangel Island pa mapu

Izi ndi malo mwachilungamo lalikulu la dziko. Malo ndi seveni ndi zikwi theka makilomita lalikulu, ndipo ambiri a iwo ali ndi mapiri. chilumba lili Ocean Arctic. Ngakhale mu malo osavuta malo osiyanasiyana m'dziko Wrangel kale lagona wapadera ake. Ndi okulira pa matupi iwiri ikuluikulu ya madzi a m'nyanja, ndi malire pakati pa Chukchi ndi East Siberia nyanja. Ndipo pa Wrangel Island apatsira mphambano pakati pa kum'mawa hemispheres Western la dziko lathuli. zana ndi eightieth meridian, otchedwa "Tsiku Line" ukugawa m'dera la dziko mbali pafupifupi wofanana. Pa kugombe la kumpoto kwa Chukotka, chilumbachi ndi wosiyana makilomita 140 a madzi - Long Khwalala. Kuyambira mu 1976, dziko limeneli amayesedwa malo chikhalidwe. Mlendo otsiriza anamwalira mu 2003. Kuyambira pamenepo, pali moyo yekha asayansi kumalo ozizira. Administratively chilumba wa Chukotka Autonomous District (Iultinsky District).

History of anapeza

Ndi chidaliro tikhoza kunena kuti dziko Wrangel woyamba anatulukira Paleo-Eskimo. Kodi kutsimikizira zofukulidwa m'mabwinja ikuchitika mu chigwa amatchedwa Mdyerekezi, anthu anasiya pano kumsasa zitatu ndi theka zaka zikwi zapitazo. ofufuza Russian anauza kuli kudziko lakutali Umkilir ( "chilumba cha zimbalangondo") Chukchi. Koma panapita zaka mazana awiri pamaso pa gombe lopanda ndi nelaskovy phazi European. Kwa nthawi yaitali chilumba ankaona yekha wokongola Chukchi nthano. Mu zaka 1820-1824 anavutika anafunafuna Russian wofufuza ndi States Ferdinand Petrovich Vrangel. Mu 1849, wofufuza ndi wapaulendo ku UK Genri Kellett anaonerera kudzera zakutali ndi zidutswa ziwiri za dziko Nyanja Chukchi. Anatulukira dzina lake iwo pambuyo yekha chombo wake Herald. Choncho panali "Kellett Land" ndi chilumba cha Herald (pambuyo Wrangel Island) pa mapu a dziko lapansi. Koma si ndicho Zopatsa onse a mbali yathu m'dziko atazungulira nyanja.

Chifukwa anapeza dzina lake polemekeza Wrangel

chilumba ankaona sakudziwika kwa Ulaya (maganizo za Chukchi Umkilir si n'komwe). Lamanja la anatulukira ndi a munthu amene sanali chabe kuona gombe kutali ndi thandizo la zakutali, ndipo analowa pa izo ndi mapazi ake. Zinali German wamalonda Eduard Dallmann, amene anachita wotuluka wamalonda ndi anthu a Chukotka ndi Alaska. Koma iye adali kutali ndi maganizo kamodzi anapita anawaitana dziko. Chaka chotsatira, mu 1867-m, whaler Thomas Long ku America anafika pa chilumba. Ndi ntchito, munthu uyu wolimba anali kafukufuku, anadziwa zambiri za kusaka kwa F. P. Vrangelya. Choncho, anatulukira ndipo chilumbachi dzina pambuyo pake. m'dera panalibe munthu wakale mozungulira 14 zaka. Mu 1881, ku zilumba za Wrangel ndi Harold anabwera chombo American. Zimangooneka anthu a maulendowa kumalo ozizira, De Long, nyamukani kugonjetsa Pole North mu 1879 mkati mwa "Jeannette" ndipo sakupezeka. Captain Kelvin Huper anafika pa chilumba cha timu. Ngakhale anthu anali kufuna, palibe kuda mkulu wake akusoweka mbali ya kukazikoloŵeka mbendera US pagombe. Chilumba iye amati Chipangano Colombia.

zilumba Education

Mpaka zaka mazana makumi awiri, Russia ndi boma United States kwenikweni mu amene ali ndi awiri anamwalira mu kozizira Ocean Sushi zidutswa. Mtima umenewu chinathandiza awo "lakutali" malo osiyanasiyana ndondomeko. Wrangel Island, mwachitsanzo, kumadzulo ku zilumba yaing'ono, yomwe ili pakati pa 70 ° ndi 71 ° kumpoto kumpoto. Kutalika kwa chomwecho pamodzi meridian malowa chabe lapadera: ochokera 179 ° W. d. kwa 177 ° c. d. The zilumba ali pafupi kwambiri osati ku North America komanso ku Asia. Izi ndi pamene mlatho kamodzi alipo pakati pa maiko awiri, kumene Bering Strait sanayambebe yodulidwa iwo. Choncho chilumba cha kumtunda chiyambi. Ndipo ndicho chifukwa chake iwo amatchedwanso Beringia. dera limeneli sanawononge aisi, ndi pa likutentha wa chisumbucho sanapite pansi pa madzi. Zimenezi akugwirabe pa nthaka Wrangel nyama ndi zomera chodabwitsa.

Zapolyarnoe apulo kusagwirizana

Ndi isanayambike mazana makumi awiri, ndipo pamodzi ndi makampani atumwi, ofuna onse ananena ufulu wawo kwa chilumbachi. Ndipotu, ziribe kanthu kuti Wrangel Island, amakhala ngati pali winawake, ndipo ngati n'kotheka kuchita ntchito zachuma. Malire a limati loyandikana ndi ankatembenukira kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo motero, ngati wina achoka kugwira chilumbachi. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1911 Russian hydrographic ulendo pa sitima "Vaigach" anafika pa Wrangel Island ndipo anakweza mbendera Russian pa izo. M'chaka cha 1913 brigantine Canada "Karluk" anali Ankatchera ndi anakakamizika kutengeka kwa Bering Strait. Part wa timu anafika pa chilumba cha Gerald ndi zina - phwando lalikulu - pa Wrangel. mamembala awiri ulendo wa anafika ku dziko aakulu (Alaska), koma kuti apulumutse gulu anabwera mavuto okha September 1914.

Kukula kwa chilumbachi

Mu 1921, Canada anaganiza "pamtengo kunja" zilumba mu Nyanja Chukchi. Pajatu anapereka boma mwayi nsomba ndi whaling pa gombe awo. Koma atsamunda woyamba wa akazi anayi kumalo ozizira ndi chimodzi Inuit zowawa yozizira (anapulumuka yekha Ada Blackjack). Ndiye Canada mu 1923 anapanga ndime yachiwiri. Pa Wrangel Island anabwera miyala ndi nthaka Charles Wells khumi ndi awiri Eskimos pakati pawo akazi ndi ana. Monga chakudya chinkhoswe mu alenje atsamunda bwinobwino apulumuke yozizira. Koma boma la USSR anatumiza kwa m'mphepete mwa chilumba Chombo "Red October", zida ndi mfuti. gulu lake atsamunda mokakamiza kukwezedwa m'ngalawa ndi anawatenga kupita Vladivostok, komwe kenako extradited kwawo. Chifukwa cha ulendo, ana awiri anaphedwa.

Wrangel Island ndi zathu!

Kodi iye anakhala "zoweta" potsiriza? Ngakhale Wrangel Island pa mapu a Russia, boma sapuma mpaka palibe kukondweretsa atsamunda Russian. Mu 1926 izo unakhazikitsidwa siteshoni kumalo ozizira, amene anali wotsogozedwa ndi kafukufuku G. Ya. Ushakov. Ndi iye anakhala wina midzi 59 ya Chukchi Chaplin ndi Providence. Mu 1928, Chombo "Litke" panali mtolankhani Chiyukireniya Nikolai Trublaini. Iye ali mobwerezabwereza mabuku ake (monga "The Way kwa Arctic kudzera kotentha") anafotokoza Wrangel Island ndi kukongola kwake makolokoto. Minda losonkhanitsidwa anali paliponse mu Soviet Union ndi Far North anali nazonso. mphalapala wawo amadalira kuweta yolima anakhazikitsidwa mu 1948 - mathero ano anabweretsa ng'ombe yaing'ono kuchokera ku Chile. Ndipo mu 70s ndi kuyamba muskox ndi Nunivak Island. Ngakhale malirime choipa ndi kuti potengera chilumbachi ndi pamsasa umodzi Gulag, si zoona. Midzi Ushakovskoe, Perkatkun, Star ndi mudzi. Cape Schmidt munali kukhala anthu kapena ofufuza kapena mafuko Chukchi.

Mayiko kutetezedwa

Back mu 1953, boma anaganiza kuti ateteze ndi walrus rookeries iwo pa zilumba ziwiri mu Nyanja Chukchi. patatha zaka zisanu Magadan Committee Executive Oblast anakhazikitsa mapeto ake pa Wrangel Island Reserve. Kenako (1968) Iye analimbikitsa mu udindo. Koma izi sanasiye boma Soviet. Nature malo kwambiri m'dziko la mu 1976 anatembenuzidwa mu chikhalidwe malo "Wrangel Island". woyendera nthambi akadali kutetezedwa mu RSFSR Council wa nduna lamulo pansi nambala 189 ya March 23, 1976. Yambiri malo mutu - osati typo. Anali kukuteteza, ndi chilumba oyandikana Herald, ndi za miliyoni 1,43 mahekitala a m'dera madzi. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti kusamala chilengedwe anathandiza kwambiri kwa vuto la 1990s mochedwa. Anthu ambiri a m'dziko anatengedwa ku Chile, chifukwa panalibe njira kuwalanditsa chakudya ndi mafuta. Kukhalamo otsiriza Vasilina Alpaun anapha chimbalangondo kumalo ozizira mu 2003. Ndipo mu 2004 zilumba ziwiri m'gulu la UNESCO World Heritage List.

mpumulo

Wrangel Island Map limasonyeza kuti malowa m'dziko ndi mapiri ndithu. Atatu pafupifupi kufanana unyolo - Northern, Middle ndi Kumwera zitunda - kusiya ovuta m'mphepete mwa nyanja. The chimbuzi - phiri Soviet - mpaka mamita 1096 pamwamba pa nyanja. Malowa ali pamtunda pafupifupi pakati pa chilumbachi. Low North Ridge amakhala madzi kumveka otchedwa Chipululu chamatalala chaka chonse Academy. M'zigwa gombe la chilumba tadulidwa ndi mathamandawa. Pali nyanja ambiri ndi mitsinje. Koma pano nsomba zawo sapezeka. Chifukwa cha nyengo ankhanza, malo awa yozizira amaundana. Komabe, kusintha kwanyengo ndi noticeable pano. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, m'kamwa mwa mtsinje anayamba mwachangu kupita pa spawning shoals wa nsomba. Makolokoto mtunda ndi Zapolyarnoe malo pachilumba analenga mndandanda Neta oundana.

Nyengo Wrangel Island

Kumalo ozizira usiku apa pakubwera khumi lachiwiri la November ndi kulandira dzuwa kumaonekeranso pa mapeto a January. Kuwala sukupita akutali kuyambira m'ma May kwa zaka makumi atatu a July. Koma ngakhale chakuti dzuwa nthawizonse kumawala Wrangel Island, sapereka m'deralo chilimwe kutentha. Kutentha ngakhale mu July musalumphe +3 ° C. Pafupipafupi kunagwa chipale chofewa, drizzle ndi chifunga. Only ndi abnormally otentha m'chilimwe cha 2007, thermometer analumpha +14,8 ° C (mu August). Nyengo komanso ndi frosty ndithu, ndi blizzards pafupipafupi. Rency makamaka February ndi March. Kutentha pa nthawi iyi kwa masabata ambiri sasefukira pamwamba mlingo wa -30 ° C. Ozizira mpweya misa ku Arctic kubala ndi chinyezi pang'ono. Koma m'chilimwe ndi North Pacific ndi kuwomba mphepo lonyowa.

Flora

Gorodkov amene ankaphunzira mu 1938 chomera chivundikiro kugombe la kum'mawa kwa dziko Wrangel Island molakwika zimachitika woyendera nthambi ya zipululu kozizira. liwunikidwenso wa zomera ndi chinachititsa asayansi kuganiza kuti m'gawo lake lagona mu zone ya Titafika pamalo kumalo ozizira. Ndipo kukhala enieni kwambiri, gulu ili motere: Wrangel Subprovince Western American kozizira Titafika pamalo nthambi. Flora zosiyanasiyana zakale mitundu zikuchokera. Atatu peresenti ya mbewu - subendemics. Izi poppy Gorodkova, puccinellia, oxytrope Wrangel ndi ena. Panopa, izo anasonyeza kuti chiwerengero cha mitundu kuderako wa Wrangel Island n'zosayerekezeka m'dera la kumalo ozizira. Kuwonjezera zomera, zimene zimapezeka kokha kuno ndi kwina kulikonse mu dziko, mu malo a kukula kuposa zana mitundu osowa.

zomera

Nkhanza nyengo sizimayanja makamaka nyama zosiyanasiyana. Pachilumbachi pali alibiretu achule, zokwawa ndi madzi oyera nsomba. Koma Wrangel Island, amene chithunzi si nthawi kwathunthu popanda chimbalangondo choyera Pachithunzipa, ndi wonyamula umboni kwa osalimba a nyama. Weruzani nokha: kudera la seveni ndi zikwi theka makilomita lalikulu azikhala zimbalangondo anayi. Ndipo yemwe sali kuwerenga amuna ndi achinyamata! Kuti adzayesedwa wolungama ndi dzina Chukchi wa chisumbucho - Umkilir. Komanso, anthu nyama zimenezi zikuchulukirachulukira chaka ndi chaka. Kumalo ozizira chimbalangondo - mwini waukulu wa chisumbucho. Popanda iyeyo muli kunja caribou ndi muskox. Chilimwe amaponya mphepo ku njuchi kumtunda, agulugufe, ntchentche ndi udzudzu. Dziko la mbalame pa chisumbu pafupifupi 40 mitundu. A makoswe ndi kuderako Wrangel Lemming. Kuwonjezera zimbalangondo ndi adani zimapezeka: kumalo ozizira nkhandweyo, nkhandwe, nkhandwe, wolverine, ermine. M'deralo walrus rookery - waukulu mu Russia.

Kupezeka wapadera

Cha m'ma 1990s, malo "Wrangel Island" anaonekera pa masamba kutsogolo kwa magazini sayansi. Ndipo onse chifukwa zokwiriridwa apeza zotsalira za mammoths pano. Koma kunali kofunika kuti kupeza yekha, ndipo msinkhu wake. Kunapezeka kuti chilumba yokutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda, njovu amenewa anakhala ndi moyo nthawi yaitali ngati zikwi zonse zitatu ndi theka zapitazo. Koma amadziwika kuti yaikuluyi anamwalira zaka zoposa zikwi khumi zapitazo. Kodi ndi chiyani? Pamene Greece unali kuyanga Mycenaean chitukuko, ndipo analamulira ku Egypt Farao Tutankhamun, pa Wrangel Island yaikuluyi akuyendayenda moyo! Komabe, subspecies m'dera amasiyana komanso pang'ono kuwonjezeka - kukula kwa njovu ano African.