Yaiwisi zipangizo - izo ... Species chitetezo ndi ntchito zachilengedwe

Yaiwisi zipangizo - Kodi maziko a anthu. Zosowa m'mafakitale awa ndi anthu - ndi vuto lalikulu la chuma. M'lingaliro yotakata, amanena za zinthu zachilengedwe zonse zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi munthu yopapatiza - kodi munthu gwero la ulimi zakuthupi. Chitsanzo cha ndalama yaiwisi mafuta. Izo ntchito yopanga mankhwala, utsi, mapulasitiki, mankhwala mankhwala. Chitsanzo china ndi mitengo. Ndi ntchito popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mipando. Pali Dipatimenti osiyana Nkhalango, amene amatanganidwa ndi kuteteza chuma nkhalango mu dera lililonse la Chitaganya cha Russia.

maganizo

Zipangizo - ndi aliyense pa zinthu za ulimi ndi nkhalango, nsomba, mitundu yonse ya mchere amene ali mu maonekedwe ake apachiyambi kapena masinthidwe m'kupita kwa yokonza zogulitsa padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, mafuta, thonje, malasha, zitsulo, mpweya, matabwa, madzi nyanja. About 30% ya nkhokwe dziko la sanali mphamvu chuma mchere ndi anaikira pa Africa. Komabe, vuto limeneli ali moyipa bwanji chitukuko cha limati. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa "Dutch matenda". Maonekedwe ake ndi kudalira chuma pa wolowa gwero.

Monga maziko a chuma

Choncho, magwero a zipangizo - ndi onse amene alipo mu chikhalidwe ndipo wakhala analenga popanda khama lililonse la anthu. Iwo angafunikire kukhala Pre kuzunzidwa kapena ayi. Gulu loyamba, mwachitsanzo, monga madzi kapena mpweya wachiwiri - zitsulo miyala, mafuta, mitundu yambiri ya mphamvu. kufalitsa zipangizo ndi vuto lalikulu, makamaka mawu a zikutha m'mayiko nkhokwe zake. Tumizani zachilengedwe - maziko a chuma ambiri. Ena zipangizo ndi ubiquitous, monga dzuwa ndi mpweya. Enawo lingapezeke m'madera ena. Only mitundu ingapo ya zachilengedwe zopanda malire. Komabe, ambiri mwa m'matangadza a zipangizo ndi yochepa, ndiko kuti, kungachititse m'tsogolo, makamaka ntchito inefficient kupanga.

Gawo

Pali i angapo kudziwa magulu zachilengedwe. Gulu ambiri a iwo ndi kugawa pa chitsime cha chiyambi, mlingo wa processing ndi renewability. Ponena za muyezo choyamba, izi magulu awiri:

• Biotic yaiwisi zipangizo. Ndi nyama, zomera ndi zipangizo organic kuti akhoza zichokera kwa iwo. Mwachitsanzo, gulu ili mulinso mafuta okumba pansi, makamaka malasha ndi mafuta. Iwo anapanga ku nkhani lawola organic.
• Abiotic yaiwisi zipangizo. kusiyana kwawo ndi kuti sali organic choyambiriracho. Mwa zipangizo abiotic yaiwisi akhoza kutchulidwa lapansi, madzi oyera, mpweya ndi zitsulo, kuphatikizapo golide, chitsulo, mkuwa, siliva.

kupanga

muyeso wina kwa gulu likhoza kukhala kuchuluka kwa processing. magulu zotsatirazi zingathe kudziŵika mwa iye:

• Angathe chuma. Zikuphatikizapo zipangizo yaiwisi, m'matangadza amene ali m'chigawo, koma ntchito zawo zakonzedwa m'tsogolo. Mwachitsanzo, mafuta angapezeke mu m'zigawo za miyala nyanja. Komabe, mpaka nthawi monga kwenikweni anayamba kukhala munda wake, akhala gwero angathe.
• Leni chofunika. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu, chiwerengero ndi khalidwe limene atsimikiza, ndi m'zigawo awo ikuchitika pa mphindi. Mlingo wa processing a zipangizo zopangira zimadalira umisiri kupezeka ndi ndalama kugwirizana.
• Kubwerera chuma. Mbali imeneyi ya zipangizo enieni amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito phindu m'tsogolo.
• "Yopuma" chuma. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo madipoziti zopangira omwe ankafufuza, koma chitukuko amafuna latsopano ndi silinakwaniritsidwe kuphunzira njira zamakono. Mwachitsanzo, haidrojeni.

kwa kubalana

Vuto osatha kwa zachuma ndi malire a zinthu zofunika kwa munthu ndi osauka alipo. Zinthu zachilengedwe yaiwisi kupanga akhoza wachinsinsi mu renewability. Pamaziko a muyezo izi kuzindikiridwa magulu awiri:

• Zongowonjezwdwa chuma. Iwo kudzadza mwachibadwa. Zina mwa zinthu izi, monga dzuwa, mpweya, madzi, zonse zilipo ndipo mowa awo anthu sakhala kwambiri bwanji buku awo. Komabe, mbali ya zipangizo zongowonjezwdwa yaiwisi akhoza zatha mu kutengeka kwambiri ndondomeko kupanga. Izi zimachitika ngati kubwezeretsa awo achilengedwe msanga kuposa ndikofunikira munthu, koma osati zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.
• chuma Non-zongowonjezwdwa. The zopangira wa gulu kapena analenga pang'onopang'ono, kapena sanalengedwe mwachibadwa mu malo ambiri. Chitsanzo nevozbnovlyaemyh chuma ndi mchere kwambiri. mapangidwe wawo kumafuna zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Choncho, pa kaonedwe ka mafuta okumba pansi pambali ya gulu.

The m'zigawo zachilengedwe

Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zinachitika, ngakhale pa mamba osiyana, onse magulu chisanadze mafakitale komanso lero. Migodi, nkhalango, ulimi ndi nsomba za gawo yaikulu ya chuma. Iwo kupulumutsa chuma cha m'madera ena limene iwo zokwanira anawonjezera phindu. Chuma cha dziko makamaka zimadalira m'mene bwino chuma mchere. Komabe, inflow ndalama kuchokera zogulitsa angalenge mavuto kwambiri kugwirizana ndi zikamera wa kufufuma, kuchititsa kuwonongeka kwa kumabungwe ena ( "Dutch matenda") ndi chivundi, kuwatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka lochitira ndalama ndi chopinga kukula.

Zikutha m'mayiko a zipangizo

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, makamaka pachimake vuto cha kuchuluka kwa mowa wa makampani Zachilengedwe. Funso la kutopa zikugwira osati maboma a mayiko, komanso gulu lonse monga UN. Aliyense boma pali mabungwe amene zikugwira chitetezo cha mitundu ina ya zipangizo. Mwachitsanzo, mu dera lililonse la Chitaganya cha Russia ali Dipatimenti ya Nkhalango, amene Cholinga chachikulu ndi kukhazikitsa bwino ufulu wa ntchito chuma nkhuni.

Njira zopititsira patsogolo dzuwa la

Pofuna kuteteza chuma - mitengo ndi mchere - kalekale m'mibadwo yanu, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito bwino. Zinali padziko nkhani za kutopa a zipangizo zachokera mfundo citukuko. kukhazikitsa kumayambitsa kugwirizanitsa zosowa panopa ndi m'tsogolo. Wakuta zachilengedwe chifukwa kupanga awo mwachindunji, ndipo ntchito inefficient. Mwachitsanzo, nthaka khalidwe kuwonongeka chifukwa cha chitukuko kwambiri ulimi.

Protection zachilengedwe

Mu 1982, UN zachitika wapadera hayala, cholinga chachikulu cha zimene anali kuteteza chilengedwe Mavuto a zochitika za anthu. Lembali limati miyeso ayenera kumwedwa paliponse. Imafotokoza nkhani imeneyi akuganiza kuti chiwerengero cha opezeka m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. The zopangira m'munsi ndi chitetezo chilichonse ndi mutu wa gawo osiyana zamoyo monga mwambo wa sayansi.