Zachitsulo chomangira: mapangidwe limagwirira. Zitsulo Chemical Communication:

Onse pakalipano zinthu mankhwala tebulo nthawi zidzasankhidwa amangosankha m'magulu awiri: zitsulo ndipo sanali zitsulo. Kuti musakhale zinthu okha ndi mankhwala, mankhwala akhoza chiyani wina ndi mzake, iwo ayenera kukhalapo mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala yosavuta zovuta.

Ichi ndi chifukwa chake ena ma elekitironi akuyesetsa kutengera, ndi zina - kupereka. Chimathandiza mzake kuti apange zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi tinthu mankhwala. Koma zimene zimawathandiza kuti inkakhala? N'chifukwa chiyani nkhani ya mphamvu, ndi kuwononga sakhudzidwa ngakhale zida lalikulu kwambiri? Ndipo ena, Tikawonetsetsa zikuwonongedwa ndi amadza pang'ono. Zonsezi chifukwa mapangidwe zosiyanasiyana nsinga mankhwala pakati pa maatomu mu mamolekyulu kupanga enieni galasi latisi Kapangidwe.

Mitundu kumangidwa mankhwala mankhwala

Total amatha kusiyanitsa mitundu zinayi zofunika zomangira mankhwala.

1. Covalent nonpolar. Kupangidwa pakati nonmetals ziwiri zofanana chifukwa kugawana ma elekitironi, kupanga elekitironi awiriawiri wamba. Maphunziro, iwo anapezeka unpaired valence particles. Zitsanzo: halogens, mpweya, wa hydrogen, asafe, sulfure, phosphorous.
2. Kumalo ozizira covalent. Anapanga awiri osiyana sanali zitsulo kapena pakati ofooka kwambiri pa katundu wa zitsulo ndi nonmetal ofooka electronegativity. Zenizeni ndi ambiri elekitironi awiriawiri ndi kukoka kwa mkaziyo atomu, amene elekitironi kuyandikana pamwamba. Zitsanzo: NH _{3, SiC,} P ₂ Inu ₅ ndiponso ena.
3. Haidrojeni nsinga. Kwambiri kusakhazikika ndiponso ofooka, aumbike pakati pa atomu kwambiri electronegative wa molekyulu wina ndi zabwino zina. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri pamene kusungunuka zinthu mu madzi (mowa, ammonia ndi zina zotero). Chifukwa kugwirizana otere angathe kukhala macromolecule mapuloteni, zidulo mkati chakudya zovuta, ndi zina zotero.
4. Amaayoni muzikondana. Anapanga chifukwa electrostatic mphamvu wokongola raznozaryazhennyh ayoni zitsulo ndipo sanali zitsulo. Kwakukulu kusiyana mu index izi, kutchulidwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe amaayoni wa mogwirizana ndi. Zitsanzo za mankhwala: bayinare mchere, zovuta pawiri - soda.
5. Zachitsulo kwambiri ndipo zimenezi limagwirira mapangidwe ndi katundu amene ayankhidwa zina. Kupangidwa mu zitsulo, kasakaniza wazitsulo awo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Pali chinthu monga umodzi wa mankhwala muzikondana. Izo basi limanena kuti n'zosatheka uliwonse miyeso yolinganizira muzikondana. Iwo ali onse monga chizindikiro unit. Ndipotu, chifukwa cha ankachita onse ndi mfundo limodzi - elektronnostaticheskoe mogwirizana. Choncho, amaayoni, zachitsulo, covalent kogwirizana ndi wa hydrogen ndi mankhwala chikhalidwe wosakwatiwa ndipo ali mmalire milandu wina ndi mzake okha.

Zitsulo ndi katundu wawo thupi

Zitsulo zimapezeka ambiri zinthu zonse mankhwala. Ichi ndi chifukwa katundu wawo wapadera. A mbali yaikulu imene analandira munthu ndi zochita nyukiliya zasayansi, ali nyukiliya ndi waufupi theka moyo.

Komabe, ambiri - ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zimene zimapanga miyala yonse ndi ores, ndi mbali ya mankhwala ofunika kwambiri. Ndi chifukwa cha anthu awa aphunzira kuponyedwa kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi kutulutsa zambiri za mankhwala kwambiri ndi zofunika. Izi ndi monga yamkuwa, yachitsulo, zotayidwa, siliva, golide, chrome, manganese, faifi tambala, nthaka, kutsogolera ndi ena.

Chifukwa zitsulo onse akhoza kudziwa katundu wamba thupi lomwe limafotokoza chithunzi zachitsulo chomangira mapangidwe. ndi zizindikiro zimenezi?

1. Malleability ndi ductility. Amadziwika kuti zitsulo ambiri akhoza kamukamu ngakhale mpaka zojambulazo (golide, zotayidwa). Wa ena kulandira waya, zitsulo kusintha mapepala, nkhani waluso olumala ndi zimakhudza thupi, koma ndiye achire kuchotsa ake. Awa ndi makhalidwe a zitsulo ndipo amatchedwa malleability ndi ductility. Chifukwa cha nkhani iyi - mtundu zitsulo kugwirizana. The ayoni ndi ma elekitironi mu galasi Wopanda wachibale wina ndi mnzake popanda kuswa, amene amalola kusunga umphumphu wa dongosolo lonse.
2. Zachitsulo luster. Izi Ikufotokozanso ndi zachitsulo Ubwenzi limagwirira mapangidwe makhalidwe ake ndi mbali. Choncho, osati particles onse amatha kuyamwa kapena kuonetsa mafunde kuwala kwa kutalika wofanana. Maatomu zitsulo kwambiri ndi kusonyeza yochepa yoweyula cheza kukhala zayamba yunifolomu silvery mtundu woyera, wotumbululuka bluish hue. Kuchotserapo ndi mkuwa ndi golide, mtundu wawo ndi pabuka-chikasu ndi wofiira, motero. Iwo amatha kuwalitsa yaitali-timaganiza cheza.
3. Matenthedwe ndi magetsi madutsidwe. katundu izi afotokozereni kapangidwe galasi latisi ndipo mu mapangidwe ake kuzindikira nsinga zachitsulo mtundu. Chifukwa cha "mpweya elekitironi" ikuyenda mwa galasi ndi, magetsi inawadutsa ndi kutentha mofulumira ndi wogawana anagawira mwa maatomu onse ndi ayoni ndi kumulondolera kudzera zitsulo.
4. Olimba boma akaphatikiza m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa. Apa, nokha ndi mankhwala enaake. miyala ina yonse - ndiyo kwenikweni amphamvu, kugwirizana olimba, komanso kasakaniza wazitsulo awo. Ndi chifukwa chakuti pamaso pa zitsulo zitsulo muzikondana. Limagwirira mapangidwe a mtundu umenewu katundu tinthu kumanga kwathunthu anatsimikizira.

Wosavuta maonekedwe chifukwa zitsulo, amene akufotokoza ndi Mzimuyo basi chithunzi zachitsulo chomangira mapangidwe. mankhwala zogwirizana njira ndiyo maatomu zitsulo wa zinthu, kasakaniza wazitsulo awo. Kuti ndi iwo olimba ndi boma madzi.

Zachitsulo mtundu wa mankhwala chomangira

Mbali zake ndi chiyani? Chinthu kuti ubwenzi woterewu aumbike osati ayoni raznozaryazhennyh ndi electrostatic kukopa osati chifukwa kusiyana electronegativity ndi kupezeka kwa ufulu elekitironi awiriawiri. Ie amaayoni, zachitsulo, covalent ubale ndi angapo chikhalidwe chosiyana ndi mbali zapadera particles yolumikiza.

zitsulo onse chibadidwe makhalidwe monga:

• pang'ono ma elekitironi mu akunja mlingo mphamvu (kupatula zina kuchotserapo chomwe mwina 6.7 ndi 8);
• chachikulu atomiki utali wozungulira;
• otsika ionization mphamvu.

Zonsezi zimalimbikitsa kulekana kosavuta kwa ma elekitironi unpaired pa pachimake lakunja. Mu nkhani iyi, orbitals ufulu wa atomu akhala kwambiri. Chiwembu cha zachitsulo kogwirizana basi kusonyeza maselo angapo toyalana maatomu osiyana yozungulira pakati pawo, zimene zimabweretsa intracrystalline ndi kupanga malo wamba. Ali ma elekitironi lililonse atomu kuti kuyamba momasuka kuyendayenda pa mbali zosiyana za latisi lapansi. Nthawi iliyonse ili zaikidwa ndi ion mu unit galasi ndi otembenuka kuti atomu, kenako amakadula kachiwiri, kupanga ion.

Choncho, zachitsulo chomangira - mgwirizano maatomu, ayoni ndi ma elekitironi ufulu mu galasi okwana zitsulo. The elekitironi mtambo, kusuntha momasuka mkati kapangidwe, amatchedwa "mpweya elekitironi". Iwo anali nawatanthauzira iwo, ambiri mwa thupi katundu zitsulo ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo awo.

Kodi makamaka zipangizo ndi zachitsulo mankhwala chomangira? Zitsanzo zosiyana. Tiyeni tione chidutswa cha lifiyamu. Ngakhale ngati inu izo kukula kwa mtola, pali masauzande a maatomu. Choncho tiyeni tiyerekeze kuti aliyense zikwi izi maatomu amapereka valence elekitironi mmodzi crystalline malo wamba. Pa nthawi yomweyo, podziwa kapangidwe amagetsi a amafotokozera, mukhoza kuona kuti chiwerengero cha orbitals wopanda munthu. Pa lifiyamu awo ndi 3 (wachiwiri tsa-yozungulira mphamvu mlingo). Itatu atomu a masauzande - izi ndi danga wamba mwa galasi ndi, m'menemo "mpweya pakompyuta 'kumatilimbikitsa momasuka.

Mankhwala nthawi zonse amphamvu zachitsulo muzikondana. Ndipotu elekitironi mpweya salola galasi kugwa, koma akugwiritsa zigawo kenako akuchira. Iwo glitters ndi osalimba zina (Nthawi zambiri mkulu), fusibility, malleability ndi ductility.

Kodi aliyense anazindikira zachitsulo chomangira? Zitsanzo za zinthu:

• zitsulo nyumba yosavuta;
• kasakaniza wazitsulo onse zitsulo ndi mzake;
• zitsulo onse ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo awo mu chikhalidwe madzi ndi olimba.

zitsanzo kungoti ndalama zosaneneka, chifukwa zitsulo mu tebulo nthawi, oposa 80!

Zachitsulo chomangira: mapangidwe limagwirira

Ngati timaona ndi mawu ambiri, mfundo zikuluzikulu ife zafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Kupezeka kwa orbitals atomiki ndi ma elekitironi mosavuta wocheza ndi phata chifukwa cha mphamvu otsika ionization - zikuchitikazi chachikulu mapangidwe kulankhulana kotereku. Choncho zikuoneka kuti akuyendera pakati pa particles zotsatirazi:

• maatomu mu latisi Krustalo;
• ufulu ma elekitironi, amene anali pa valence wa zitsulo;
• ayoni mu latisi krustalo.

Zotsatira - ndi zachitsulo muzikondana. Limagwirira mapangidwe zambiri zowonetseredwa ndi kulowa zotsatirazi: Ine ^{0 -} E - ↔ Ine ^{N +.} Kuchokera chithunzi zikuoneka particles aliyense zitsulo alipo mu galasi lapansi.

Timibulu okha mwina akalumikidzidwa osiyana. Izo zimatengera zinthu zimene ife tikuchita.

Mitundu timibulu zitsulo

nyumba imeneyi chitsulo kapena aloyi ake ali wazolongedza wandiweyani kwambiri particles. Imakhala ayoni mu malo krustalo. Paokha, kophimba angakhale akalumikidzidwa osiyana zojambula mu mlengalenga.

1. Obemnotsentricheskaya kiyubiki latisi - zitsulo soda.
2. Hexagonal yaying'ono kapangidwe - zonse zamchere, kupatula barium.
3. Granetsentricheskaya kiyubiki - zotayidwa, mkuwa, nthaka, kusintha zitsulo ambiri.
4. Rhombohedral kapangidwe - ndi mankhwala enaake.
5. Tetragonal - indium.

The zitsulo ndi m'munsi izo ili mu dongosolo nthawi, zimakhalanso zovuta CD ndi gulu okhudza malo a galasi a. Pamene zitsulo mankhwala akapolo, zitsanzo zomwe angathe kuchepetsedwa aliyense zitsulo alipo ndi yofunika kwambiri yomanga galasi lapansi. Kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi gulu yosiyanasiyana mu mlengalenga, ena a iwo sali bwino.

specifications Communication: nondirectionality

Covalent ndi zitsulo chomangira ali ndi kutchulidwa kwambiri ofala. Mosiyana ndi poyamba, mgwirizano zachitsulo si anawauza. Kodi zikutanthauza chiyani? Ndiko kuti, elekitironi mtambo mkati galasi likupita ndithu momasuka mkati mu madera osiyana, aliyense wa elekitironi amatha agwirizane mwamtheradi ion aliyense mu kapangidwe ka mfundo. Ndiko kuti, mogwirizana ndi ikuchitika madera osiyana. Motero, kunena kuti zachitsulo chomangira - osakhala mbali.

Limagwirira wa covalent ubale kumafuna mapangidwe nawo elekitironi awiriawiri, mitambo mwachitsanzo maatomu alipo. Ndipo zimachitikadi mosamalitsa pa mzere winawake kulumikiza malo awo. Choncho, akulankhula za malangizo a kugwirizana amenewa.

saturability

khalidwe amasonyeza mphamvu ya ma atomu kwa mogwirizana ndi malire kapena malire ndi ena. Mwachitsanzo, covalent ndi zitsulo chomangira pa chizindikiro ichi ndi zotsutsana.

Loyamba ndilochokera zonse. Maatomu nawo mapangidwe ake ali amodzi chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi kunja valence amagwira ntchito mapangidwe pawiri lapansi. Kwambiri kuposa kudya, izo si ma elekitironi. Choncho, chiwerengero cha kumangidwa anapanga valence zochepa. Choncho machulukitsidwe chifukwa. Chifukwa khalidwe ichi ambiri a mankhwala ali zonse mipweya.

Zitsulo ndi wa hydrogen kumangidwa, Komano, si kukhathamitsa. Ichi ndi chifukwa ma elekitironi ambiri ufulu ndi orbitals mwa galasi ndi. The ntchito za ayoni mu galasi malo latisi, omwe angakhale atomu ndi ion kachiwiri nthawi iliyonse.

Wina khalidwe la zachitsulo chomangira - delocalization mkati elekitironi mtambo. Iwo akuwonetseredwa mu luso la pang'ono ma elekitironi nawo anasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa zitsulo za mtima atomiki. Ndiko kuti, osalimba a delocalized monga anagawira wogawana pakati mayunitsi onse galasi lapansi.

Zitsanzo za kupanga ubale mu zitsulo

Taonani embodiments zingapo, amene Mwachitsanzo, ngati zachitsulo chomangira aumbike. Zitsanzo zinthu zotsatirazi:

• nthaka;
• zotayidwa;
• potaziyamu;
• chrome.

Zitsulo chomangira mapangidwe pakati pa maatomu nthaka: Zn ^{0 -} 2e - ↔ Zn ^2+. nthaka atomu ali milingo mphamvu zinayi. Free orbitals potengera dongosolo la zamagetsi, izo ziyenera 15 - 3 tsa orbitals, 4 D 5 ndi 7 pa 4f. Pakompyuta dongosolo monga: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 4S ² 3D ¹⁰ 4d 4p ^{0 0 0} 4f, 30 okha ma elekitironi atomu. Ndiko kuti, awiri ufulu valence particles zoipa amasamukira mu 15 orbitals wotakasuka ndi aliyense azigwira. Ndipo kotero aliyense atomu. Zotsatira - yaikulu chonse danga ongokhala orbitals kanthu, ndipo pang'ono ma elekitironi yolumikiza dongosolo lonse pamodzi.

The zachitsulo mgwirizano zotayidwa maatomu: AL ^{0 -} E - ↔ AL ^3+. Satini ma elekitironi zotayidwa maatomu ili pa milingo mphamvu zitatu, iwo bwino akusowa wochuluka. Pakompyuta kapangidwe: 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ^{1 2 0} 3D. Free orbitals - 7 zidutswa. N'zoonekeratu elekitironi mtambo adzakhala n'zochepa poyerekeza ndi okwana danga mkati ufulu mu galasi lapansi.

The zachitsulo chomangira chromium. Izi amafotokozera makamaka dongosolo lawo amagetsi. Pajatu, kwa ofunika dongosolo kulephera amapezeka ndi elekitironi 4S kuti 3D yozungulira: 1s 2s ² 2p ^{2 6 2} 3s 4S 3p ^{6 1 5} 4p 3D 4d ^{0 0 0} 4f. 24 Only elekitironi valence amene ali ndi umodzi. Iwo amapita ku malo wamba zamagetsi pa mapangidwe mankhwala kuti muzikondana. Free orbitals 15, amene ali wamkulu kuposa kuti chofunika kudzaza. Choncho, chromium - monga Chitsanzo cha chitsulo ndi chomangira lolingana mu molekyulu ndi.

Mmodzi wa zitsulo achangu kuti anatani ngakhale ndi madzi wamba moto, ndi potaziyamu. N'chiyani chathandiza kuti katundu zimenezi? Kachiwiri, zinthu zambiri - zachitsulo mtundu chikondi. Ma elekitironi mbali pa 19 okha, koma zili monga mmene milingo mphamvu 4. Kuti ndi 30 osiyana orbitals sublevels. Pakompyuta kapangidwe: 1s 2s ² 2p ^{2 6 2} 3s 4S 3p ^{6 1 0} 4p 3D 4d ^{0 0 0} 4f. awiri okha ma elekitironi valence ndi mphamvu otsika kwambiri ionization. Free kuti kuchokamo ndi kupita ku malo wamba amagetsi. Orbitals kusuntha wina zidutswa atomu 22, i.e. danga yaikulu kwambiri kuti "elekitironi mpweya".

Kufanana ndi kusiyana ndi mitundu ina kumangigwa

Ambiri, nkhani kale zafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Limodzi likhoza zambiri ndipo lembani mapeto. Waukulu losiyana ndi zina zonse mbali kulankhulana ndi zitsulo makhiristo ndi:

• mitundu yambiri ya particles nawo ndondomeko ya kumanga (maatomu, ayoni kapena maatomu, ayoni, ma elekitironi);
• osiyana okhudza malo zojambula kapangidwe ndi timibulu.

Ndi hydrogen ndi amaayoni zitsulo Chili satiation ndi undirected. Ndi covalent kumalo ozizira - amphamvu electrostatic kukopa pakati pa particles. Payokha, ion - particles lembani mfundo crystalline latisi (ayoni). Ndi covalent nonpolar - maatomu mu malo krustalo.

Mitundu kumangidwa mu zitsulo za boma osiyana akaphatikiza

Monga taonera pamwambapa, zachitsulo mankhwala akapolo, zitsanzo zomwe zapatsidwa m'nkhani, aumbike mwa mayiko awiri a loitanirana zitsulo ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo awo: olimba ndi madzi.

funso ili: zotani kugwirizana kwa nthunzi zitsulo? A: Covalent kumalo ozizira ndi nonpolar. Mofanana ndi mankhwala onse amene amakhala mpweya. Kuti si chinang'ambika ndi kapangidwe ndi galasi ndi anapitiriza pa Kutentha yaitali zitsulo ndi kusamutsa izo kuchokera olimba kulankhulana madzi. Komabe, pamene izo zifika kusamutsa zamadzimadzi boma nthunzi, galasi ndi akuwonongedwa ndi zachitsulo ubale ndi kutembenukira ku covalent.