Zamoyo: zosiyanasiyana. zinthu zachilengedwe, makhalidwe awo onse

Mu malo kumvetsa danga ntchito ndi zamoyo zikhalepo wamoyo. Choncho, nkhani zogwirizana ndi funso za moyo wa cholengedwa chirichonse. Pali mitundu anayi malo, kuwonjezera, pali zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuti atembenuke chikoka kunja, kotero iwonso ayenera kuganizira.

tanthauzo

Ndiye kodi chilengedwe moyo wa nyama? Tanthauzo anaonekera m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi - mu ntchito ya Russian physiologist Sechenov. Chamoyo chilichonse wamoyo nthawi zonse zimavuta ndi zochitika ozungulira omwe anaganiza kuti kuitana chilengedwe. udindo wake ali ndi chikhalidwe wapawiri. Pa dzanja limodzi, njira yonse ya zinthu kugwirizana ndi mwachindunji - kotero nyama kupeza chakudya, iwo amakhudzidwa ndi nyengo ndi kusankha zamoyo. Komabe, moyo wawo ali ndekuti zochepa pa chilengedwe, liwulo m'njira zambiri. Chipinda kusunga bwino mpweya ndi mthunzi nthaka, nyama kupanga izo friable kwambiri. Pafupifupi kusintha kuchititsa zamoyo. Habitat ayenera kuphunzira mabuku a aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsa zamoyo. M'pofunikanso kudziŵa kuti ena zolengedwa akhoza kukhala ndi osiyana. Achule timabadwa madzi ndi overwinter ndi chakudya kawirikawiri pa dziko. Kafadala, tikukhala mu mlengalenga, nthawi zambiri amafunikira dothi kapena madzi kubereka.

Symbiosis ndi parasitism

N'zosadabwitsa malo nyama ukhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi nyama zina. Choncho, munthu, pali mitundu yonse ya oimira microflora, ndipo nthawi zina, komanso lathyathyathya kapena kuzungulira mphutsi. Ntchito chilli wina ndi mzake m'banja mkhalidwe sizachilendo kuti analipo pa njira yonse ya zamoyo zinachita kusintha. Palibe pafupifupi mitundu iliyonse nyama imene sipakanakhala majeremusi mkati. Maudindo awa ndi algae, amoebae, ciliates. Pankhani chodabwitsa lofunika kwambiri kuphunzira kusiyanitsa parasitism ndi kudalirana. Mbali yoyamba malo okhala nyama ntchito ndi iwo kwa moyo wa thupi limene iwo ili. Majeremusi moyo potsatira mbuye wake, zilibe kumupha. Symbiosis lipindulitsa pa mbali zonse zamoyo, zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto ndiponso kutsogolera okha ubwino komanso.

madzi

Chilengedwe m'madzi - magulu onse nyanja, nyanja, mitsinje ndi madzi chokhala ndi za padziko lapansi, lotchedwa hydrosphere, kuwonjezera, nthawizina mulinso chipale chofewa Antarctic, madzi mumlengalenga ndi amene amapezeka ku zamoyo zina. Pamafunika maperesenti oposa makumi asanu ndi awiri a pamwamba za dziko lapansi ndi zambiri nyanja ndi nyanja. Madzi ndi mbali yofunika ya biosphere, osati kokha matupi a madzi, komanso mpweya ndi nthaka. Aliyense chamoyo m'pofunika kupulumuka. Komanso, madzi siyanitsa ndi loyandikana nalo dziko lapansi. Komanso, iye anakwaniritsa mbali yaikulu pa chitukuko cha moyo. Iwo amasonkhana ndi organic ndi zochita kupanga zinthu zomwe Zosintha kutentha, ndipamene nyengo ndi uli onse maselo nyama ndi zomera. N'chifukwa chake chilengedwe madzi - imodzi yofunika kwambiri.

mpweya

The mipweya kupanga m'mlengalenga, n'kofunika kuti zamoyo zonse. Air malo zimenezi zinakhudzanso, kuyambira mpweya ndipamene kagayidwe Kumwambamwamba, amene amasankha kapangidwe ka kupuma ndi madzi amchere kuwombola. Kulemera, zikuchokera, chinyezi - zonsezi akukhudza kwambiri dziko. Mpweya anapanga zaka biliyoni zapitazo pa ntchito chiphala, kenako gawo yake likunena kuwonjezeka mu mlengalenga. Modern chilengedwe munthu ndi yosiyana ndi 21% TH zili mchitidwe uwu. Mbali yofunika kwambiri pa izo ndi ozoni, amene salola ultraviolet poizoniyu kufika dziko lapansili. Popanda moyo pa dziko zikhoza kuwonongedwa. Tsopano malo abwino anthu ali pangozi - wosanjikiza Mpweya umene wawonongeka chifukwa njira zoipa zachilengedwe. Zimenezi zimabweretsa kufunika kwa khalidwe amazindikira ndi kusankha nthawi zonse zabwino osati kwa anthu komanso chifukwa cha zochita Dziko Lapansi.

nthaka

zamoyo ambiri okhala padziko lapansi. Habitat amagwiritsidwanso ntchito zomera kuti zidzakhala zakudya ambiri a anthu amoyo dzikoli. Iwo sangakhoze kuona ngati nthaka yopanda moyo mawonekedwe, choncho amatchedwa bioinert thupi. Ndi tanthauzo, mankhwala kuti kukonzedwa mu ntchito zamoyo. Malo nthaka wapangidwa ndi thanthwe ongokhala mchenga, dongo ndi matope particles; madzi chigawo; mpweya - ndi mpweya; moyo - zolengedwa mmenemo, mitundu yonse ya majeremusi, invertebrates, mabakiteriya, nkhungu, ndi tizilombo. Pa wina mahekitala wa dziko ali kunyumba matani asanu a mitundu ina. Nthaka malo ndi wapakatikati pakati pa madzi ndi dziko ndi mpweya, ndi zinthu Choncho kukhalamo nthawi zambiri yodziwika ndi osakaniza mtundu mpweya. Kukumana zolengedwa kungakhale pa mozama ndi chidwi.

Mogwirizana kwa zamoyo ndi chilengedwe

Aliyense cholengedwa ndi osiyana chikhalidwe zopanda moyo ndi kukhalapo kwa kagayidwe kachakudya ndi gulu ma. Mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe chikuchitika mosalekeza ndipo ayenera kuphunzira mu ndondomeko zovuta chifukwa zovuta kumvetsa. Aliyense chamoyo zimadalira zimene zikuchitika. Ground mpweya chilengedwe anthu amakhudza iye mpweya, nthaka ndi kutentha osiyanasiyana. Ena mwa njira zothandiza chamoyo, ena osiyana, ena zoipa. Aliyense ali ndi tanthauzo osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, homeostasis - mosalekeza a dongosolo mkati, amene zamoyo zosiyanasiyana moyo. Habitat akhoza kusintha kuti amafuna anatengera - kayendedwe, kukula, chitukuko. Kagayidwe - kagayidwe limodzi ndi zochita mankhwala, monga kupuma. Chemosynthesis kuitana kukhazikitsidwa ndondomeko ya mankhwala organic sulfure kapena asafe. Pomaliza, tiyenera kukumbukira tanthauzo la ontogeny. Ndi osakaniza kusintha thupi, imakhudza zinthu zonse zachilengedwe pa nthawi yonse linakhalapo.

zinthu zachilengedwe

Kumvetsa njira kwachilengedwenso, kumakhalanso tifunika kufufuza tanthawuzo. zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zinthu zovuta chilengedwe zimakhudza zamoyo. Iwo agawidwa mogwirizana ndi gulu la zovuta mu mitundu yambiri. Atengere thupi amatchedwa anatengera ndipo maonekedwe ake yoonetsa zinthu zachilengedwe, dzina la mawonekedwe moyo.

zakudya

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mitundu ya zinthu zachilengedwe zimene zimakhudza zamoyo. Habitat zikuphatikizapo mchere ndi nyengo ndi madzi ukubwera ndi zakudya. anthu Biogenic ndi amene ayenera lalikulu zedi kwa thupi. Mwachitsanzo, ndi phosphorous, n'kofunika mapangidwe protoplasm, ndi asafe, maziko zedi. Ndi gwero la zinthu woyamba akufa ndi miyala, ndipo chachiwiri - mpweya mumlengalenga. Kupanda phosphorous bwanji kuli pafupi pachimake monga kusowa kwa madzi. Pang'ono wolephera mtengo wa zinthu monga calcium, potaziyamu, magnesium ndi sulfure. Woyamba ndi zofunikira kwa zipolopolo ndi mafupa. Potaziyamu amapereka wamanjenje dongosolo ndi kukula kwa zomera. Mankhwala enaake a ali mbali ya wotchedwa chlorophyll molekyulu ndi ribosomes, ndi sulfure - mu zikuchokera amino zidulo ndi mavitamini.

zinthu Abiotic zachilengedwe

Pali njira zina zimene zimakhudza zamoyo. Habitat zikuphatikizapo zinthu monga kuwala, nyengo ndi monga, amene ali ndi tanthauzo abiotic. Iwo ili yofunika kwambiri njira ya kupuma ndi dzuwa, ndi kupukusa chakudya, ndi kusamuka nyengo, kubereka nyama zambiri. Choyamba, kuwala n'kofunika. Mogwirizana ndi kutalika, mwamphamvu ndi nthawi yopeza. Malinga ndi iye gulu lonse allocated, amene akuphunzira zamoyo. malo, lowala, muyenera heliophyte - dambo ndi udzu steppe, udzu, zomera Titafika pamalo a. Stsiofitam zofunika mthunzi, amakonda kukhala pansi pa denga la nkhalango - nkhalango udzu. Sankhula heliophyte akhoza atengere zinthu aliyense m'kalasimo amenewa akuphatikizapo mitengo, strawberries, geranium. Chinthu ofunika ndi kutentha. Chamoyo chilichonse ali osiyanasiyana zina, chifukwa umoyo wabwino. Madzi, kupezeka kwa mankhwala nthaka, ngakhale moto - iwonso ali nkhawa abiotic dera.

zinthu biotic

Ground mpweya malo wodzazidwa ndi zamoyo. zikuyendera mogwirizana ndi mzake - chinthu wosakwatiwa ayenera kulingalira. Awiri mitundu zofunika njira biotic uwagawire. Zimene zingakhale Phytogenic. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndondomeko amatenda zomera ndi tizilombo bwanji wina ndi mzake ndi chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, maphatikizidwe wa mizu, parasitism pa mitengo mpesa, nyemba ndi kudalirana mabakiteriya moyo pa tubers ndi. Mtundu chachiwiri - zinthu zoogenic. Izi padzuwa la nyama. Izi zikuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mu chakudya, kufalitsa mbewu, kuwonongeka makungwa, mbande chiwonongeko, kupatulira nkhalango, kulanda matenda.

zochita za anthu

Madzi, mpweya kapena lapadziko malo nthawizonse kugwirizana ndi zochita za anthu. Anthu mwachangu kusintha dziko owazungulira kwambiri zokhudza njira zake. zinthu Anthropogenic uli padzuwa, malo kapena biosphere. Zimakhala mwachindunji, ngati amalandira zamoyozo, mwachitsanzo kusaka lolakwika ndi nsomba Zimalepheretsa manambala a mitundu ina. Njira ina ndi zotsatira mozungulira pamene munthu wasintha malo, nyengo, chikhalidwe cha mpweya ndi madzi, kapangidwe nthaka. Bwino kapena mosadziwa, koma munthu wawononga mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera, motero olima ena. Choncho, pali malo. Palinso nthawi zina zotsatira, monga mwadzidzidzi yobereka zamoyo mlendo ndi katundu wina, osauka ngalande m'madambo, madamu chilengedwe, kufalitsa tizirombo. Komabe, ena zikutha popanda munthu wina aliyense, choncho, amachititsa anthu pa nkhani iliyonse chilengedwe imangokhala kuponderezedwa.

kuchepetsa zinthu

Mavuto onse zotheka amagwiritsa ntchito pa zamoyo kuchokera kumbali zonse, akuwonetseredwa mu osiyana. Nthawi zina kiyi ndi zinthu zimene zimafuna ndalama kochepa. Choncho, malamulo wakhala anayamba osachepera. Iye anaganiza kuti kugwirizana anafooka zosowa unyolo wa chamoyo akuti ndi mphamvu ake. Choncho, ngati nthaka zinthu zina zonse, kupatula munthu ankafunika kukula - yokolola adzakhala osauka. Ngati inu kuwonjezera yekha akusowa, kusiya ena onse yofanana - adzakhala bwino. Ngati ife kuwonjezera onse, popanda kukonza kuchepa, palibe kusintha zidzachitika. Amafotokozera akusowa imeneyi ndi kukhala kuchepetsa chinthu. Komabe, munthu ayenera kuganizira momwe polojekitiyi pazipita. Limafotokoza chilamulo cha kulolerana Shelford poganiza kuti pali kokha zina zosiyanasiyana zimene chinthu kungakhale koyenera kwa thupi, owonjezera monga izo zimakhala zoipa. makhalidwe abwino zimatchedwa m'dera akadakwanitsira ndi kupatuka mwakale - kuponderezedwa. Lidzakhala ndi mavuto komanso mtendere zotsatira ndi dzina mfundo yovuta, kenako kuli thupi n'zosatheka. Digiri wololera kwa zinthu zina zosiyana chamoyo ndi kulola m'kagulu monga kwambiri kapena zochepa mitundu Hardy.