Zenon Eleysky. Zeno wa Elea. sukulu Eleatic

Zenon Eleysky - Ancient Greek nzeru zapamwamba, amene anali wophunzira wa Parmenides, woimira sukulu Eleatic. Iye anabadwa pafupifupi 490 BC. e. kum'mwera kwa Italy, mu mzinda wa Elea.

Wotchuka Zeno?

Zokangana za nzeru zapamwamba izi Zeno anapanga otchuka monga polemicist mwaluso mu mzimu wa sophistry. Okhutira ndi ziphunzitso nzeru zapamwamba Parmenides ankaona mfundo zofanana. Eleatic sukulu (Xenophanes, Parmenides, Zeno) ndi kuloŵedwa m'malo a sophistry. Zenon mwamwambo ankaona chabe "wophunzira" wa Parmenides (ngakhale Empedocles amatchedwanso wake "wolowa"). Mu kukambirana m'ma "wosokoneza" Aristotle amatchedwa "zatsopano za dialectic" a Zeno. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "dialectic" N'kutheka kuti atsimikizire mtengo wa ena mfundo wamba. Kuti iye anadalitsa ntchito zake za Aristotle "Topeka".

Mu "Phaedrus" Plato imakamba kukhala chabwino "luso disputations" "Eleatic Palamedes" (lomwe limatanthauza kuti "wochenjera zatsopano"). Plutarch analemba za Zeno ntchito anavomerezedwa kufotokoza mchitidwe Sufi terminology. Iye ananena kuti nzeru zapamwamba izi anatha kukana, zikubweretsa paradoxes kudzera kauntala. Poganizira chakuti Zeno anali makalasi sophistic khalidwe, kutchulidwa mu kukambirana "Alcibiades Ine" kuti nzeru zapamwamba anatenga tuition apamwamba amalipiritsa. Diogenes Laertius limanena kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba anayamba kulemba dialogues Zenon Eleysky. woganiza iri ankaona mphunzitsi wa Pericles, Athens 'wotchuka chithunzi ndale.

Makalasi mfundo Zeno

Angapezeke malipoti doxography kuti Zeno ankachita nawo ndale. Mwachitsanzo, anachita nawo mu ciwembu Niarchos, wolamulira wankhanza (Pali mitundu ina ya dzina lake), anagwidwa ndi kuimbidwa mlandu pansi kufunsidwa kuluma khutu lake. nkhani imeneyi kumakhala Diogenes wa Heracleides Lembo, amene nawonso, amatanthauza buku peripatetic Zotengera.

Akatswiri ambiri a masiku amakedzana anadutsa malipoti kukaniza mu chiweruzo cha nzeru zapamwamba zimenezi. Motero malinga Antisthenes cha Rhodes, Zenon Eleysky inamuluma kuchokera lilime lake. Hermippus wa Smurna ananena kuti nzeru zapamwamba anaponyedwa stupa imene istolkli wake. nkhani imeneyi anali wotchuka kwambiri mu mabuku a masiku amakedzana ina. Plutarch anatchula izo Heroneysky, Diodir Sicilian, Flaviy Filostrat, Kliment Aleksandriysky, Tertullian.

ntchito Zeno

Zenon Eleysky anali woyambitsa wa ntchito "ndi nzeru ndi", "Vutolo", "Kumasulira Empedocles" ndi "Pa Nature". N'zotheka Komabe, onse a iwo, kupatula "The Kumasulira Empedocles", anali mu mitundu mfundo dzina la buku limodzi. Mu "Parmenides" Plato amatanthauza ntchito zolembedwa ndi Zeno kuti kunyoza otsutsa mphunzitsi wake ndipo amasonyeza kuti ngakhale kwambiri ludicrous mfundo chifukwa kopanda za kayendedwe ndi akanema kuposa kuzindikira munthu imodzi Parmenides. Maganizo a nzeru zapamwamba kudziwika monga momwe zilili ndi olemba ina. Izi Aristotle (nkhani "Physics"), komanso ndemanga yake (mwachitsanzo, Simplicius).

zokangana za Zeno

The ntchito yaikulu ya Zeno linalembedwa, zikuoneka, a angapo a mikangano. Umboni ndi kutsutsana yafupika mawonekedwe awo zomveka. nzeru zapamwamba Izi kutetezera zopanda wa n'kupuma umunthu umodzi, amene waika patsogolo sukulu Eleatic (Zeno, malinga ndi ofufuza ena, analengedwa kuti azithandiza chiphunzitso cha Parmenides), anafuna kusonyeza kuti zosiyana nkhani yolembedwa gawo (za gululi ndipo anapereka) kwenikweni kumabweretsa absurdity Choncho, ayenera kukanidwa anzeru.

Zeno, mwachionekere anatsatira lamulo la "lilibe pakati": ngati mawu amodzi ochokera zosiyana ziwiri si zoona, ndi zoona kwambiri. Lero tikudziwa izi magulu awiri a mikangano nzeru zapamwamba (Zeno wa Elea) ndi gululi ndipo ndi ambiri. Komanso, pali umboni zimene zikusonyeza kuti mfundo zotsutsana maganizo imalandira ndipo ndi danga.

Mfundo zotsutsana zosiyanasiyana Zenon

Simplicius imatchula mikangano imeneyi. Atchula Zeno mu ndemanga pa Aristotle "Physics". Proclus limanena kuti ntchito ya woganiza ife chidwi ndi mfundo 40 zofanana. Asanu a iwo tikungotchula.

1. Kuteteza mphunzitsi wake, amene ali Parmenides, Zenon Eleysky limanena kuti ngati pali ambiri, ndizoonekeratu kuti zinthu kukhala zofunika, ndipo yaikuluikulu: ang'onoang'ono kwambiri motero kuti alibe phindu ndipo ndi aakulu kwambiri moti iwo osatha.
   
   Umboni motere. A mtengo ena ayenera alipo. Kuwonjezeka kwa chinachake, kumaonjezera ndi kuchepa, pokhala chichotsedwa. Koma kuti kuwasiyanitsa ndi ena, ayenera amuteteze, kukhala pa mtunda wina. Kuti nthawi zonse awiriwa suschimi kudzapatsidwa kwa chachitatu, chifukwa amene ali osiyana. Ziyeneranso osiyana ndi mzake ndi T. D. Ambiri adzakhala wamphamvu zazikulu alipo ngati ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu kuti wopandamalire akonzedwa. Philosophy Eleatic sukulu (Parmenides, Zeno, ndi ena.) Kodi potengera mfundo imeneyi.
   
   
2. Ngati pali ambiri, ndiye zinthu adzakhala ndi osatha ndi n'zochepa.
   
   Umboni: Ngati pali m'ndandanda wa zinthu kudya monga mmene iwo ali, chimodzimodzi ndi kenanso, kuti nambalayo wawo uli ndi malire. Komabe, mu nkhani iyi nthawizonse zidzakhala zinthu zina pakati, pakati pa zimene pamapeto, - lachitatu, Izo ndizo, chiwerengero cha iwo ali wopandamalire ... Chifukwa nthawi yomweyo mwake imatsimikizirika, ndi zopanda koyamba sizolondola. Womwe kulibe. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo zikuluzikulu zomwe akufotokozera Parmenides (Eleatic sukulu). Zenon umakuchirikiza.
   
   
3. Ngati pali zambiri, zinthu nthawi yomweyo ayenera kukhala yosiyana ndi zina zotero, zomwe sizingachitike. Malinga Plato mfundo imeneyi anayamba mabuku nzeru za chidwi. aporia Izi zikusonyeza kuti chinthu chomwecho kuoneka ngati ofanana yokha ndi wosiyana ndi ena. Mu Plato ndi kuwamva monga paralogism monga unlikeness ndi chikhalidwe atengedwa mu njira zosiyanasiyana.
   
   
4. Tingaonenso mkangano chidwi ndi mpando. Zenon anati kuti ngati pali malo, izo ziyenera kukhala chinachake, popeza likukhudza zonse. Tidziwanso kuti malo kudzakhala mu malo. Ndipo kotero kuti osawerengeka. Kutsiliza: palibe malo. mfundo imeneyi ndi Aristotle ndi ndemanga zake ndi pakati paralogisms. Molakwika, kuti "kukhala" - amatanthauza "kukhala mu malo," monga malo ena kulibeko mfundo yovula.
   
   
5. Against maganizo mkangano imalandira amatchedwa "mapira tirigu." Ngati mbewu imodzi kapena masauzande ake a kugwa phokoso momwe iwo angakhoze kuchita izo mu kugwa medimnov? Ngati medimnov mbewu umabala phokoso Choncho, ayenera kutsatira lina masauzande kodi kulibe kwenikweni. Mtsutso Izi zikutipatsa vuto la pakhomo la maganizo athu mphamvu, ngakhale iwo anakonza malinga lonse ndi mbali. Paralogism mu chiphunzitso ichi n'chakuti za "phokoso opangidwa ndi mbali" omwe si kwenikweni (monga ananenera Aristotle, zinakhalapo n'zotheka).

Mfundo zotsutsana anayambitsa

Kutchuka kwambiri inalandiridwa paradoxes anayi a Zeno wa Elea kunyengo ndi kayendedwe, odziwika ndi Aristotle "Physics" ndi ndemanga kuti izo Ioanna Filopona ndi Simplicius. The awiri a iwo zochokera chakuti gawo la utali uliwonse akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati nambala wopandamalire wa indivisible "malo" (mbali). Zingakhale nthawi yomaliza zapita. Wachitatu ndi wachinayi aporia potengera kuti mbali indivisible ndi zikuphatikizapo nthaŵi.

"Dichotomy"

Taganizirani mfundo ya "magawo" ( "Dichotomy" - dzina lina). Pamaso kugonjetsa mtunda wina thupi kusuntha choyamba tiyenera kupita theka gawo ndi pamaso theka kwa anthu, ayenera kudutsamo theka theka, ndipo pa malonda infinitum, chifukwa gawo lililonse akhoza kugawidwa mu theka, ziribe kanthu momwe iye anali ochepa.

Mu mawu ena, kuyambira gululi nthawi zonse anachita danga, ndipo zimaoneka ngati popitilira a zigawo wamphamvu zosiyanasiyana makamaka panopa popeza divisible kuti osawerengeka ndi kuchuluka iliyonse mosalekeza. Choncho, thupi kusuntha ndi nthawi amalire pochitika chiwerengero cha zigawo, amene ali wopandamalire. Izi zimapangitsa kuti n'zosatheka kusuntha.

"Achilles"

Ngati pali kuyenda, wothamanga yofulumira sangakhoze konse lidzakudzidzimutseni ndi slowest, kuyambira m'pofunika woyamba kugwira atafika pamalo wothawa n'kuyamba. Choncho, panafunika akuthamanga pang'onopang'ono inayenera kukhala pang'ono patsogolo.

Ndithudi, kusuntha - kutanthauza achoke mfundo wina ndi mzake. Mfundo A Achilles mwamsanga akuyamba chitsata mwini fulu, amene pa nthawiyo ndicho kuwalozera B. Poyamba, ndidzadutsa theka njira, ndiko kuti, mtunda ^. Pamene Achilles adzakhala pa mfundo AB, kwa kanthawi, mpaka anapanga gulu kamba kutenga ochepa kwambiri pa gawo DDL. Ndiye, pokhala pakati pa njira wothamanga ayenera kukwaniritsa mfundo BB. Kuti tichite zimenezi, nayenso pochitika theka A1V. Pamene wothamanga adzakhala kwa uyu theka cholinga (A2), pang'ono zina zimene mumafuna kamba. Ndi zina zotero. Zenon Eleysky mu aporias onse chakuti popitilira ndi divisible kuti osawerengeka, kuganizira mmene izi makamaka alipo wopandamalire.

"Mivi Yanu"

Ndipotu, muvi zouluka ndi pa mpumulo, anakhulupirira Zenon Eleysky. The nzeru za chiphunzitso ichi nthawi zonse wakhala chowaloleza, ndi aporia izi yotero. Chitsimikizo cha izo zotsatirazi: muvi nthawi imodzi imafuna ena danga, umene uli wofanana ndi buku wake (popeza Boom tikanatha kukhala "paliponse"). Koma kutenga malo ofanana yokha - choncho, akhale pa mpumulo. Ndizachidziwikire kuti munthu akhoza kuganiza za zoyenda okha monga Uwerenge limati zosiyanasiyana zina. Sikutheka chifukwa sizichitika popanda kanthu.

"Kupita thupi"

Ngati pali kuyenda, n'zotheka kudziwa zotsatirazi. Imodzi mwa mfundo ziwiri ofanana, komanso kuyenda pa liwiro, zingatenge nthawi wofanana mtunda kawiri, koma si wolingana ndi zina.

aporia Izi mwamwambo Mukalongosola mothandizidwa ndi chithunzicho. Londolani mzake awiri ofanana chinthu, amene anasankhidwa ndi zilembo pachokhapachokha. Iwo ali njira yomweyi ndi kuyesedwa pa nthawi yomweyo ndi mutu wachitatu, ndi ofanana udzakwaniritsidwa. Kupita Choncho ndi liwiro, nthawi zakale ndi n'kupuma ndi zina - ndi chinthu zikusuntha, mtunda wofanana udzatha ndipo nthawi yomweyo pa imeneyi nthawi, ndi theka la izo. Indivisible mphindi pamene adzakhala kawiri monga adzikonda mwini kwambiri. Ndi nawatsimikizira pachithunzichi. Iye ayenera kukhala kaya divisible kapena kukhala divisible ndi indivisible mbali ya malo. Popeza Zeno palibe mmodzi kapena ena salola, Yesu anamaliza choncho, kuti kayendedwe sangakhoze pakati popanda nkhondo. Ndiko kuti, kulibe.

Mapeto kuchokera paradoxes onse

Poti yopangidwa paradoxes onse okhazikitsidwa mu thandizo la maganizo a Parmenides, Zeno, ndi kuti otsimikizira za kukhalapo kwa kayendedwe ndi zosiyanasiyana umboni wa mphamvu sindimagwirizana ndi mfundo za chifukwa, kuti zikutsutsana palokha lilibe, choncho, ali woona. Onyenga mu nkhani iyi ayenera kuonedwa mfundo ndi maganizo m'Malemba.

Against amene anatumizidwa paradoxes?

Yekha kuyankha funso ndani Zeno anatumizidwa, izo alibe. Iwo anena mu mabuku a mfundo imene mfundo za maganizo amenewa ndi wotsutsana kumbali "masamu atomistic" Pythagoras zomwe thupi anamanga mfundo zojambula ndi kuganizira kuti nthawi ali dongosolo atomiki. Zimenezi tsopano ali mbali.

Iye akhapidziwa mu mwambo wakale wa malongosoledwe okwanira adafotokoza akubwerera Plato, kuti Zeno kumbuyo maganizo a mphunzitsi wake. adani ake anali Choncho onse amene sanali kugawana chiphunzitso waika patsogolo sukulu Eleatic (Parmenides, Zeno), nakhala potengera umboni wa kulingalira bwino.

Choncho, tinakambirana za amene ali Zenon Eleysky. Mwachidule kuwunikira paradoxes ake. Lero, kutsutsana za dongosolo la kayendedwe, nthawi ndi malo ali kutali wamphumphu, mafunso awa chidwi lotsegukabe.