Zipani - ndi multiplicity

Kuchuluka nthanthi ndi mfundo zotsutsana MONISM. Mawu akuti amachokera pluralis achilatini amene amatanthauza "angapo". Choncho, zipani - ndi malangizo akubwera kuchokera akonzedwa anayamba kapena mitundu. Iwo palokha ndipo sali pansi kuona mzake.

akuti anadziwana ndi ziphunzitso za m'ma 19. Malinga ndi funso limodzi kapena njira zina zofunika nzeru zaumunthu, kapena kungakhale kuchuluka n'zosatheka kapena chuma. kamba n'zosatheka zikugwirizananso ndi ntchito za Leibniz, mwachitsanzo. Zakuthupi lingaliro ikuoneka timasonyeza Empedocles, Spinoza.

A wapadera imatengedwa kuti ndi multiplicity wa dualism. postulates wake kusonyeza aliko osadalira pa abwino ndi nkhaniyo.

Pafupifupi onse ziphunzitso nthanthi zakale nafuna kudziwa ubale wa chododometsa mkati, kuchepetsa nawo limodzi zobwezedwa m'munsi. Chifukwa, iwo anali lathu monistic. Komabe, pofika cha m'ma 19 amalembedwa reorientation zipani. Izi zinachitika motsindika kusuntha m'magazini ya chiyambi choyambirira (mfundo) chonse kuti mafunso a epistemology (chiphunzitso cha nzeru).

Kuchuluka mu epistemology ananenetsa conventionalism, munthu postpositivist mfundo (mwachitsanzo, yapadera Kuzindikira, "anarchistic chiphunzitso cha kudziwa", etc.).

Epistemological zipani - ndi kuwakana mgwirizano lofunika chidziwitso. Kuchuluka Pankhaniyi, kutenga monga maziko a chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso lingaliro chokha chimene chiripo ya ufulu magwero anzawo ndi mawonekedwe a chidziwitso. Zonse zinthu zimenezi ndi mawonekedwe a ntchito mogwirizana ndi malamulo yake (mwachitsanzo, zojambulajambula zilandiridwenso, chinsinsi, sayansi, kudziwa wamba , etc.), kuwonetsa matanthauzo ofananafanana "chithunzi cha dziko."

Kuchuluka - kawirikawiri kukana kapena underestimation mfundo, popanda kuganizira kuti n'zosatheka kucheza ndi kuchuluka kwa maonekedwe ndi zinthu pamodzi. chiphunzitso tinganene kuti kupitirira mavuto zikuluzikulu ndi nkhani ya mgwirizano ndi anthu ochokera dziko zakuthupi. Pa nthawi yomweyo chitsutso chimaphunzitsa n'zofunika ndipo monistic mfundo alibe khalidwe la mtheradi.

The njira ndi maganizo a multiplicity akhoza ali ndi zinthu zomveka chimene chingalepheretse mtheradi wa dongosolo cilamulo, mbiri yakale, komanso kalembedwe chithunzi cha dziko kapena kuganiza za izi kapena kuti lachitsanzo makamaka chidziwitso. Iwo amanena pamaso pa njira zambiri zachitukuko ndi chilengedwe cha chidziwitso, motero analimbikitsa kulimbana ndi mpikisano wa mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana ongolankhula ndi chidziwitso ndi methodological.

zipani zandale - mfundo zimene zimaphatikizapo mapangidwe lamulo kudzera ntchito zogwirizana wa mfundo yolekanitsa mphamvu. Malinga ndi mfundo ya kugwira ntchito ndi bungwe, kachitidwe demokalase mu dziko akusonyeza pamaso pa anthu mabungwe angapo palokha ndipo magulu amene ali ndi mphamvu yosokoneza mapangidwe boma, pamene nawo iwo (mphamvu) okhawo.

Posachedwapa, mawu akuti "zipani" kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito malinga ndi ndale ndi kuchita chikhalidwe lamadyerero. Lingaliro la multiplicity zokomera likuthandiza kukana ntchito dongosolo utsogoleri-lamulo, ndi simplistic maganizo a demokalase.

The zosiyanasiyana za umwini kuchita monga maziko chuma zipani. Malinga ndi ena olemba, mitundu yosiyanasiyana zokomera analipo bwinobwino, muyenera democratization mabuku a anthu pa maziko a kuchepetsa dera boma lamulo.