Zitsulo ambiri mu matanthwe a pansi padziko. Zitsulo chikhalidwe

Zitsulo ndi gulu la zinthu zimene ndi wapadera katundu monga madutsidwe magetsi, mkulu kutentha kutengerapo koyefishienti wa kukana zabwino khalidwe ndi gloss ductility wachibale. mtundu uwu ndi zinthu wamba mankhwala.

Gulu m'magulu

Zitsulo ndi zipangizo ambiri ntchito ndi anthu mu mbiri yake. Ambiri a iwo zili zigawo pakati pa matanthwe a pansi padziko, koma pali anthu zomwe zili zobisika kwambiri malo phiri.

Panopa zitsulo zatenga kwambiri pa tebulo nthawi (94 mwa 118 zinthu). Kuboma ndi Dziwani magulu otsatirawa:

1. soda (lifiyamu, potassium sodium, francium, cesium, rubidium). Pa kukhudzana ndi madzi iwo apanga hydroxides.

2. zamchere lapansi (calcium, barium, strontium, Analandira). Osiyana kachulukidwe ndi kuuma. 3. Kuwala (zotayidwa, kutsogolera nthaka, gallium, cadmium, tini Mercury). Chifukwa cha osalimba otsika kaŵirikaŵiri limagwiritsa ntchito kasakaniza wazitsulo.

4. chosakhalitsa (ureniamu, golide, titaniyamu, mkuwa, siliva, faifi tambala, chitsulo, cobalt, pulatinamu, palladium ndi zina zotero.). Ndi variable makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma.

5. Semimetals (germanium, pakachitsulo, antimony, boron, polonium neri Al.). Mu dongosolo wokhala mibulu covalent latisi.

6. actinides (americium, thorium, actinium, berkelium, curium, fermium, etc.).

7. Lanthanides (gadolinium, samarium, cerium, neodymium, lutetium, lanthanum, erbium, etc.).

Dziwani kuti pali zitsulo matanthwe a pansi padziko, ndi amene Sali akufotokozera gulu. Zikuphatikizapo magnesium, ndi beryllium.

kugwirizana Native

Mu chikhalidwe, pali kalasi osiyana oyera codification. zinthu izi monga yokha zitsulo. Izi zikuchokera mchere ndi zifukwa. Nthawi zambiri, zitsulo mbadwa amatuluka mu chikhalidwe chifukwa cha njira miyala. M'chigawo crystalline mu matanthwe a pansi padziko amadziwika zinthu 45. Ambiri a iwo mu chikhalidwe ali osowa kwambiri, choncho mtengo awo okwezeka. Chiwerengero cha zinthu zoterozo ndi 0.1%. Dziwani kuti pamaso pa zitsulo awa ndi okwera mtengo ndi yolemetsa ndondomeko. Bukuli lili pa ntchito maatomu ndi zipolopolo khola ndi ma elekitironi.

zitsulo Native ali amatchedwanso mfulu. Iwo yodziwika ndi bata ndi inertia mankhwala mankhwala. Zikuphatikizapo golide, palladium, pulatinamu, iridium, siliva, ruthenium, ndi zina zotero. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu chikhalidwe mkuwa. Iron m'chigawo mbadwa alipo makamaka madipoziti migodi mu mawonekedwe a meteorites. Zinthu rarest wa gulu ndi kutsogolera, chromium, nthaka, indium ndi cadmium.

katundu Ofunika

Pafupifupi onse zitsulo kuuma zambiri zosiyana ndi kukana. Kupatulapo - francium ndi Mercury, soda zitsulo. Limatsogolera kutentha kwa mbali zonse za gulu zosiyana. uthunthu wake umasiyana -39 kwa 3410 madigiri Celsius. Kwambiri kugonjetsedwa kusungunuka tungsten ankaona. mankhwala ake kutaya kukana yekha pa kutentha pamwamba 3400 C. zitsulo legkorasplavlyaemyh ayenera kuonetsetsa otsogolera lata. Komanso, zinthu zidzasankhidwa za kachulukidwe (kuwala ndi katundu) ndi ductility (mwakhama ndi zofewa). Onse pawiri zitsulo chabwino conductive. Mundawu chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa lattices crystalline ndi ma elekitironi yogwira. Zolemba malire madutsidwe ndi mkuwa, siliva ndi zotayidwa, pang'ono ang'onoang'ono - sodium wochuluka. Dziwani mkulu matenthedwe katundu zitsulo. Yabwino kutentha wochititsa akuti ndi siliva, zoipa - Mercury.

Zitsulo Environment ndi

Nthawi zambiri, zinthu ngati angapezeke mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala ndi ores. Zitsulo chikhalidwe kupanga sulfites, oxides, carbonates. Kuyeretsa mankhwala ayenera choyamba kusiyanitsa iwo kuchokera pa miyalayo. Chotsatira ndi doping ndi processing komaliza.

Mu zitsulo mafakitale amasiyana akakhala ndi nonferrous miyala. Woyamba zochokera mankhwala yachitsulo, wachiwiri - pa zitsulo zina. zitsulo zamtengo wapatali amaonedwa kukhala pulatinamu, golide ndi siliva. Ambiri a iwo zili kutumphuka dziko lapansi. Komabe, chiwerengero ka nkhani ndi madzi a m'nyanja.

Pali zinthu zamtengo wapatali ngakhale ku zamoyo zina. thupi lili 3% ya mankhwala zitsulo. Malinga ndi mmene kwambiri m'thupi ndi soda ndi calcium, amene zinthu ngati electrolyte intercellular. Mankhwala enaake a chofunika kwa yachibadwa CNS ndi minofu misa, chitsulo lipindulitsa pa magazi, mkuwa - chiwindi.

Kupeza zitsulo mankhwala

Ambiri mbali ili pansi pamwamba wosanjikiza dothi kulikonse. Zitsulo ambiri mu matanthwe a pansi padziko - ndi zitsulo zotayidwa. kuchuluka kwake zimasiyanasiyana mkati 8.2%. Pezani zitsulo kwambiri wochuluka kutumphuka padziko lapansi ndi zosavuta, monga kumachitika mu mawonekedwe a ores.

Iron ndi calcium zimapezeka mwachibadwa pang'ono pokha. kuchuluka amanena ndi 4.1%. Komanso pali magnesium ndi sodium wochuluka - ndi 2.3%, potaziyamu - 2.1%. The zitsulo zina m'chilengedwe zatenga zosaposa 0,6%. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti magnesium ndi sodium wochuluka mofanana imathandiza popanga onse pansi m'nyanjamo. zinthu zachitsulo zopezeka mu chikhalidwe mu mawonekedwe a miyala kapena boma mbadwa, monga mkuwa kapena golide. Pali zinthu zimene ayenera kuwapeza oxides ndi sulfides, monga hematite, kaolin wa, magnetite, galena, etc.

kupanga zitsulo

mfundo za ndondomeko kupanga ndi kuchotsa mchere. zitsulo kukhala mu chikhalidwe mu mawonekedwe a ores ndi losavuta ndipo ambiri ndondomeko makampani ambiri. Kufufuza madipoziti crystalline ntchito yapadera zida za miyala, kusanthula zikuchokera zinthu pa chiwembu makamaka a dziko. Wofala kupeza mu zitsulo chikhalidwe kuchepetsedwa kwa achabe otsegula mobisa njira.

Pambuyo sitepe m'zigawo patsogolo kumachitika pamene gwero la maganizo mchere miyala adzamasulidwa. Kusiyanitsa zinthu wetting ntchito, magetsi inawadutsa, zochita mankhwala, kutentha mankhwala. Nthawi zambiri, kusankha zitsulo miyala kumachitika chifukwa cha maphatikizidwe, i.e. Kutentha kwawo.

zotayidwa m'zigawo

Malinga zimachitika sanali akakhala zitsulo. The lonse la mowa ndi kupanga, iye ndi mtsogoleri pakati mafakitale ena katundu. Zitsulo ambiri mu matanthwe a pansi padziko mu ankafuna kwambiri masiku ano. Kumbali ya ulimi zokolola okha zitsulo zotayidwa. Ambiri mwa chinthu ichi ntchito m'mafakitale ndege, magalimoto ndi magetsi. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti zitsulo wambiri mu matanthwe a pansi padziko akhoza zopezera ndi "yokumba" njira. Kwa mankhwala anachita chofunika bauxite. Awa, aluminiyamu aumbike. Pamene pawiri la mankhwala ndi maelekitirodi mpweya ndi fluorine mchere ndi zamagetsi zopezera oyera zotayidwa miyala.

Dziko otsogolera pakati pa alimi a chigawo ichi ndi China. M'chaka pali smelted matani mamiliyoni 18,5 wa zitsulo. Mtsogoleri wagulu mu mlingo yomweyo kupanga zotayidwa ndi Chirasha Swiss kucheza UC RUSAL.

The ntchito zitsulo

mbali zonse za mphamvu zosiyana, impermeability ndi kukana poyerekeza ndi kutentha. Ndicho chifukwa zitsulo nazo tsiku ndi tsiku. Today a iwo kupanga mawaya amagetsi, resistors, zipangizo, katundu wa m'nyumba.

Zitsulo ndi abwino structural ndi chida zipangizo. Kumangako ntchito ndi ophatikizana kasakaniza wazitsulo ukonde. Okonza ndi ndege mankhwala makina chachikulu ndi zitsulo ndi kugwirizana firmer.