Zizindikiro mankhwala - chithunzithunzi cha njira za kuchiritsa anthu akale

Aliyense akudziwa kuti chizindikiro cha mankhwala - chikho njoka, komanso anthu amene mwanthabwala amatchedwa "toscha kudya ayisikilimu." Koma kodi chizindikiro ichi, iye sadziwa aliyense. Kodi wina ndi zizindikiro kutanthauza mankhwala, kumene achokera, ndiponso chimene ndi tanthauzo zoona? Izi ndi zimene tikambirana chiyani m'nkhani ino.

Kodi pakhala zizindikiro zachipatala

Panthawi zosiyanasiyana, zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana anatenga zizindikiro zawo ndi zizindikiro za mankhwala, zomwe zimasonyeza nzeru ndi maganizo a moyo ndi imfa, mfundo ndi chifaniziro cha mchiritsi ndi mankhwala. Akulankhula za zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana mankhwala, ndi bwino kukumbukira milungu wotchuka - ogula la mankhwala, njira wakale mankhwala ndi zina.

The zofunika ndi amakezana chizindikiro cha mankhwala - njoka. Ndi chifaniziro chawo m'njira zosiyanasiyana wakhala ntchito pofotokoza machiritso. Mbiri ya ntchito chizindikiro amabwerera chitukuko wakale wa East, Greece ndi Egypt. Mwachitsanzo, ndi njoka chilonda mozungulira thupi la Isisi Mwiguputo woyang'anira woyera wa machiritso. njoka komanso motsagana ndi chidindo pa chipilala Sesostris Ine Karnak, kumene anati: ". Ine adzapereka moyo, moyo wautali ndi thanzi ... mfumu ya wotsika ndi Upper Egypt" N'zochititsa chidwi chizindikiro yamakono ya mankhwala ndi wopanda fano njoka. Apa chokwawa anakulunga padziko chikho, ndipo aliyense wa mbali ya chizindikiro ichi chochititsa chidwi.

Ndi chitukuko cha anthu, kuwonjezeka mlingo zokhudza chikhalidwe ndi dziko la zilembo, kunyezimiritsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zasintha ndi kutanthauzira. Lero, mankhwala chopulumuka chizindikiro cha machiritso ndi osiyanasiyana ndithu. Pali za makumi asanu Zizindikiro osiyana zikutanthauza mankhwala, koma tiona okha ambiri.

Boma ndi oziyimila paokha Logos machiritso

Pakuti kuphunzira mabuku funso, pamodzi ndi njira zambiri kafukufuku ntchito mu kuphunzira zizindikiro mankhwala ndi njira yeniyeni m'mbiri.

Magwero wamtengo wapatali kwambiri kuphunzira nkhaniyo kuli numismatics ndi Bonistics. The yoyamba ikufotokoza ndalama, mphatso, mendulo yaulemu ndi malamulo, pamene lachiwiri amaona pepala ndalama mu mbiri za chuma ndi luso mbali. Ndi pa ndalama ndi banknotes wa Nthawi osiyana angapezeke nambala yaikulu ya zizindikiro zachipatala ndi zizindikiro za machiritso, ndi zina - nthawi zambiri ndiyekhayo amene chitsimikizo cha moyo wawo thupi.

Akatswiri kuphunzira zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za mankhwala amakonda ntchito gulu lapadera, chimene mayina onse alipo angathe kugawidwa payekha ndi nawo. Nkhawa lamtseri:

• dontho la magazi - chizindikiro cha mbiri opaleshoni;
• Kakombo wa Mchigwa chithunzi;
• mankhwala (clyster);
• dzanja, palpable zimachitika - choyimira cha madokotala;
• Image wa Florence mwana;
• pentagram opaleshoni zida, monga scalpel;
• mkodzo;
• Mtondo ndi munsi kapena popanda - ndi zizindikiro ntchito mankhwala kapena magulu zachipatala
• asilikali zizindikiro mankhwala (Logos).

General zizindikiro mankhwala zambiri wotchuka. Njirazi ndi monga:

• njoka;
• Asklepius ndodo (Æsculapius) - njoka ndodo;
• njoka padziko mbale;
• njoka awiri momuzungulira ndodo ya Herme (Mercury);
• dzira;
• njoka miyendo itatu ya Apollo;
• nyale;
• ANC Impoteha;
• njoka entwine galasi;
• tambala;
• chimodzi kapena ziwiri njoka youmba padziko kandulo kapena nyali;
• njoka Delphi m'michombo omphalos;
• Muuni kapena kandulo;
• mtima mu manja ake, ndi ena.

Choncho, tinganene kuti mukhale zizindikiro machiritso zikutanthauza ambiri, ndipo apangidwa kuti asiyanitse mankhwala payekha njira.

N'chifukwa njoka - chizindikiro cha mankhwala

Kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko, basi nascent wosazindikira anthu, pamene totems kaye thandizo la munthu chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe, njoka inali imodzi ya m'nkhaniyi. Mkubwela kwa njoka kulambira zimachitika chikhalidwe wapawiri zabwino ndi zoipa. Pa dzanja limodzi, iwo akuimilira chinyengo ndi kuchenjerera, ndi pa zina - anali chizindikiro cha nzeru, ndi chisavundi.

N'zochititsa chidwi, koma zikhulupiriro zakale za chizindikiro cha mankhwala anali onse njoka si chakupha, ndi wowona zii. Kuti iwo ankatchedwa "Eskulapovy nyoka." zokwawa awa anali wolemekezeka malo nzika Kulambira mankhwala Rome ndi Greece. Njoka kusuntha momasuka kuzungulira nyumbayo, ndipo anadwala ankachitira - nyambititsa mabala. Aroma ndi Agiriki Anali kutikonda kwambiri a njoka wake, adawaletsa m'makomo mwawo, ku malo osambira, ndi malo osambira.

M'madera ambiri njoka imaimira chiyambi chabwino, akubweretsa kunyumba moyo, thanzi ndi chimwemwe cha kukhalamo. Komanso, malinga ndi nthano, njoka kupoletsa mabala ndipo amatha kuphunzitsa nzeru ya machiritso.

Nthano zakale, njoka anali unakambidwanso mogwirizana ndi thanzi anthu ndi mankhwala, ndi m'mayiko African ophatikizidwa mankhwala. Mwina Nkhani basi n'zotheka mme- unyolo mayanjano. mfundo ndi yakuti mu Africa, anthu mankhwala amatenga anyanga kokha, komanso ndi zapoizoni amatsenga. Ndipo panali unyolo mayanjano: mfiti - njoka - mankhwala. Komabe, patapita mfiti wasowa, koma njoka ndi kudzachiritsidwa ndipo anakhalabe mu mitsempha amphamvu.

M'mayiko European, mosiyana Africa, njoka kumphatikiza ndi mfiti ndi nzeru ndi chidziwitso ambiri. Ndi chizindikiro cha unyamata wosatha - rejuvenation Pankhaniyi umaimira molt pachaka, kusintha khungu. Luso limeneli njoka kuti limatanthauza "kutuluka okha" anapeza chinyezimiro chidwi mu nthano Iguputo. Pakati pa usiku, akulu Ra, mulungu dzuwa ndi anamuperekeza wake mu ngalawa wowala ndipo akulowa thupi la njoka yaikulu. M'mawa wa guts wake ana onse kachiwiri pansi pa bwato wopatulika ndi kupitiriza ulendo kudutsa mlengalenga. Ndiko kulondola, malinga ndi Aiguputo akale, tsiku agonjera ku usiku.

Chotero nthano rejuvenation zosatha kukhalapo mu nkhani African, nthano Chisumeriya ndi nthano Greek. Monga chizindikiro wakale wa mankhwala, njoka anafaniziridwa popanda kuwonjezapo aliyense ndiponso makhalidwe. Izo zinali kokha kwambiri kenako, iwo anayamba kulowa ndodo, miyendo itatu, kalilole kapena kapu wotchuka.

Kodi chikho

Monga chizindikiro cha mankhwala - mbale ndi njoka, ndiye chinthu chotsatira ife kukhala momwemo. Kutanthauzira ambiri choona kuti chizindikiro chikho cha zinthu zabwino ndiponso labwino, kuti ndi mankhwala, chifukwa amaonera madzi m'madera louma za dziko lapansi. Monga mvula m'madera amenewa anali kawirikawiri madzi lidasanduka godsend. Save mphatso milungu wakumwamba akanakhala ndi manja ake, apangidwe mu mbale, kapena miyala ndi ziwiya grooves, phale kapena zitsulo. Popeza chilala zinawonongedwa midzi yonse ya anthu, mapemphero mvula anali limodzi ndi mapemphero a za umoyo ndi kuteteza moyo. Pa stelae ku Egypt ndi murals odwala, kunena milungu kufunsa kuti apeze, atanyamula chikho cha izo.

Chithandizo ndi madzi wakhala mwambo wa mayiko a East Ancient ndi India. Asayansi kwenikweni ntchito madzi kapena mame pokonza medicaments. Machiritso a ntchito zikho wapadera lalembedwa ndi kukwiya ndi zilembo. Mwachitsanzo, zochizira nkhawa ( "matenda mantha") Asilamu ntchito yapadera "chikho mantha" - chikho mkuwa, kuti mwapadera chokongoletsedwa mwa Mecca ndi mawu a Koran woyera.

Folk nkhani kwa nthawi athu anasunga mawu kugwirizana ndi mbale mwambo "chikho cha mavuto", "Tiyeni nyumba adzakhala chikho zonse", "kumwa pansi," "chikho cha kuleza mtima" ndi ena. Mu mawu awa lagona chikhalidwe wapawiri wa fano - dvudonny Cup, chilengedwe cha kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi. Ngati munthu wina aledzera kwa chikho cha chilengedwe padziko lapansi, zamkati wake akunena zapadziko zikhumbo. Ndi kumwa chikho cha kumwamba, munthu potsogolera maganizo kumwamba, zolinga zapamwamba, anamuchotsera machimo padziko lapansi ndi zokhumba. Osati kanthu chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za Chikhristu ndi mgonero chikho - chikho cha ku uchimo.

ogwira

Poona khalidwe la mankhwala, sangathe kuyiwala za ndodo - knotted mzati padziko zomwe kawirikawiri anamuzungulira ndi njoka. item ili mukuimira ndodo msewu, kutanthauza akungoyendayenda ochiritsa. Ndodo zimathandiza m'njira, komanso kumawonjezera mlingo wa kukhulupirirana. Mfundo Medical la India analimbikitsa dokotala kuti atenge ndodo, chifukwa odwala ndi chikhulupiliro kuti anthu Subconsciously odziwa, wazaka zapakati, ndi mataye dzikolo.

Ndi nkhaniyi ndipo anakhala zinachitika kwa dokotala mzimbe, makamaka wotchuka mu England mu Ages Middle. Nthawi zina ndodo anali kuonetsedwa monga chizindikiro kuchipatala nthambi ndi masamba. Iloli limaimira chiyambi cha chatsopano, rejuvenation.

Ena zithunzi musati n'kudziphatika kumeneko, ndi ndodo ya Mercury, kapena Herme. mulungu ameneyu anali ankamuona ngati mkhalapakati wa ufumu wa akufa ndi amoyo, pakati pa amuna ndi milungu. Malinga ndi nthano, Herme ali ndodo yake ndi mphatso yochokera kwa Apollo. Zinali mphoto chifukwa chakuti iye anatulukira choimbira, monga azeze zojambulidwa pamiyala, ndi katswiri kuyiimba iyo. Agiriki wotchedwa izi matsenga ndodo kirekiyonom, monga Aroma wotchedwa caduceus.

Pentagram ndi miyendo itatu

otchuka kwambiri komanso ndi zizindikiro za mankhwala, ndi pentagram ndi miyendo itatu ya Apollo.

The oyamba - nyenyezi zisanu zisonga, kukopedwa ndi mzere umodzi. chizindikiro ichi inayambira Mesopotamia ndi Iguputo. Akukhulupirira kuti motere unali olumikizidwa ndi asanu anthu pa nthawi mapulaneti: Mars, Venus, Saturn, Mercury ndi Jupiter. chizindikiro ichi kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chithumwa ndi amulet mizimu ndi anthu amene amayambitsa mavuto ndi matenda. Patapita kanthawi, pamene inafikira anthu onse cha Chikhristu inasanduka chizindikiro cha ampatuko pentagram ndipo m'malo mwa chifanizo cha dzanja ndi zala kufalikira.

The chizindikiro chachiwiri - ndi miyendo itatu ya Apollo. Malinga ndi mwambo, m'tsinde mwa phiri la Parnas Apollon anapha Python - ndi chilombo zoipa inkatetezedwa chigwa. Pa malo a nkhondo linamangidwa kachisi wa Delphi, kachisi wa Apollo. Imodzi mwa mpanda wa kachisi panali thanthwe limene unaturuka mphanga ammutu fungo. Pafupi ndi miyendo itatu golide atakhala Pythia - ansembeyo kulankhula ndi milungu ndiponso kuphunzira kotero iwo adzatero. Ndipo kuyambira Apollo anali woyang'anira wa mankhwala ndi machiritso, ndi miyendo itatu opatulika wake anali chizindikiro chapadera chimene chimagwirizanitsa mfundo zitatu za mankhwala:

• Ataona mwini;
• kusanthula kuzipenya anthu ena;
• mapeto ndi kufanizira.

Ndodo ya Asclepius

Choncho, kodi chizindikiro cha mankhwala, chosonyeza ndodo yomwe zakukwawa mmwamba njoka? Choyamba ndi Dziwani kuti chizindikiro ichi ndi kuzindikira kwambiri za VIII m'ma BC. Mbiri ya chizindikiro amabwerera Agiriki. Malinga ndi nthano, Asclepius (Aroma anatcha Aesculapius) anaphunzira ntchito, luso la machiritso, ndi centaur dzina lake Chiron. Zomwe mungaphunzire, iye bwinobwino ntchito mchitidwe ndipo anakhala mchiritsi aluso. Ankachitira anthu moti Zeus akhagopa kuti chifukwa khama lake ndipo anthu osafa. Natenepa apha Asclepius ndi bingu ndi.

Pali nthano monga amene Asclepius anandiitana ku bwalo la Mfumu Minos, kuukitsa mwana wake akufa. Pa njira yopita ku nyumba pa ndodo, amene Asclepius anadalira kuyenda, mwadzidzidzi anakwera njoka. Sing'anga mantha ndi kumupha iye. Mwamsanga pamene iye anavula chokwawa moyo, balamanthu panali njoka wina, amene amanyamula udzu mkamwa mwake. Mothandizidwa ndi gulu la udzu njoka anaukitsa bwenzi lake, ndipo io mumafuna kutali. Asclepius bwino chizindikiro cha milungu, anapeza udzu, imene pakamwa njoka, ndipo anali wokhoza kuukitsa mwana wa Mfumu Minos.

Kuyambira pamenepo, chifaniziro cha ndodo ya Asclepius wakhala ntchito monga chizindikiro cha machiritso ndi dokotala anakhala ulemu monga mulungu wa machiritso.

Mbale ndi njoka

Komabe, zambiri wamba chizindikiro cha mankhwala - njoka mbale. Zithunzi loyamba chizindikiro zaka 600-800. BC. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti gawo loyamba la fano mosiyana ndi panali zotsatira za Hygeia, mwana wamkazi wa Asclepius - njoka iye unachitikira mu dzanja limodzi ndi chikho - mu ena. Zinali zithunzi patapita nthawi yaitali ophatikizidwa mu gulu limodzi.

tanthauzo lenileni la chizindikiro ichi ndi zofunika kukambirana. Munthu amachitira bwino, koma winawake. Nthawi zambiri, chikho amagwirizana ndi luso kasungidwe ululu wa njoka, imadziwika achire mankhwala, komanso njoka akuimira nzeru. Komabe, pali kutanthauzira wina. Malinga ndi iye choyimira akufanana ndi dokotala za kufunika kwa anzeru, ndi nzeru kuphunzira kuchokera ku chikho cha chidziwitso cha dziko la maganizo a anthu, enveloping dziko lonse.

Kwambiri zosangalatsa kutanthauzira wotchulidwa anatulukira ophunzira aku chipatala. Malinga ndi iwo, chizindikiro zikutanthauza kuti dokotala "mochenjera monga njoka, amakonda kumwa."

Lero, chizindikiro ichi nthawi zambiri ntchito pofotokoza ntchito mankhwala.

caduceus

Mtengo wa chizindikiro Medicine yosonyeza ndodo mapiko, kuzungulira amene njoka awiri litapotanitsidwa, osati bwino kwambiri.

chakuti wapachiyambi unali chizindikiro caduceus chinsinsi, chizindikiro amateteza makalata malonda kapena ndale. Zinali zambiri yekha anadzakhala chizindikiro cha mankhwala.

Pakuti mayiko, chizindikiro ayenera kugawidwa mu magawo angapo:

• ndodo kufanizira Mtengo wa Moyo, ulalo pakati pa kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi;
• awiri helix anapanga ndi interweaving matupi Njoka - chizindikiro cha mphamvu dziko, umodzi wa zotsutsana, duality zodabwitsa;
• zokwawa okha - ntchito amakakamiza dziko lapansi ndi zolengedwa zina.

Ambiri mwina, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha malonda (ndale) mu chipatala anali chifukwa kukhalapo kwa njoka, wopatsa mankhwala achire ndi poyizoni.

Red Cross ndi Red Crescent

Ngati tikulingalira zizindikiro za mankhwala, wotchuka padziko lonse lapansi, sitiyenera kuiwala za mtanda wofiira ndi kachigawo. Oddly zokwanira, koma chizindikiro sakutanthauza "chinachake zachipatala", monga mwawamba m'dziko lathu. Bukuli lakonzedwa kuteteza madokotala, wovulazidwa, zipatala ndi zipatala pankhondo usilikali. Choncho zosavomerezeka ntchito chizindikiro chotero pharmacies, zida galimoto thandizo, mikanjo ndi zisoti madokotala ndi malo ena. Momwe munakonzera, ayenera "owonjezera" mtengo ndi ntchito pokha pokha kwambiri.

A kufunika ofanana:

• Red Cross;
• Red Crescent (m'mayiko Chisilamu);
• dzuwa ndi mkango chofiira (mu Iran);
• Red Star wa Davide (Israeli).

Pakali pano, a Red Cross Movement wotanganidwa angagwiritse zizindikiro latsopano, lopanda maonekedwe mitundu ndi zipembedzo.

moyo wa nyenyezi

Chizindikiro cha mankhwala, chithunzi chimene anapereka m'munsimu, si otchuka kwambiri Russia. Izi ndi "Star a Moyo" - chizindikiro cha mankhwala, amene anabadwa mu United States. Aliyense wa zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa matabwa likuimira ntchito yeniyeni ya utumiki pangozi:

• kudziwika;
• zindikirani;
• yankho;
• Thandizo powonekera;
• thandizo ndi mayendedwe;
• Mayendedwe thandizo zina.

Pomaliza

Kuphunzira mankhwala, n'kosatheka kudziwa kapena sindikumvetsa zizindikiro ndikuzindikiritsa machiritso. Chidwi m'mbuyomu, monga ife tikudziwira, amalenga tsogolo labwino. Tsogolo momwe ife tikuganizira zili ndi tanthauzo la ndodo mwachangu, kutsogolera chikhalidwe, kuwapereka kwa ife mwa mibadwo yakale, ndi wofunika kwambiri komanso chofunika kwambiri amakhala pa ife. Ndithudi, khalidwe lililonse makolo athu kuti pyakufunika, cholinga kubweretsa phindu lake kwa anthu ena m'tsogolo.