Mtundu wa madzi. Kuona katundu wa madzi

ziphunzitso zonse za chiyambi cha moyo Padziko Lapansi m'njira chikugwirizana ndi madzi. Iye nthawi zonse ndi ife Komanso mkati mwa ife. Ambiri wamba, madzi opanda zili m'gulu la zimakhala za thupi, izo limachititsa lililonse mpweya watsopano ndi kugunda. Mu njira zonsezi ndi kukhudzidwa chifukwa cha katundu yake yapadera.

madzi ndi zimene: tanthawuzo

Kuyambira mfundo za sayansi Poona waukulu madzi dziko akuimira okusayidi wa hydrogen - bayinare zochita kupanga pawiri. Chilinganizo maselo madzi mwina kudziwika kwa onse. Aliyense mchitidwe structural zace tichipeza chimodzi atomu mpweya ndi maatomu wa hydrogen awiri ogwirizana ndi kumalo ozizira covalent muzikondana. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, ndi mu mkhalidwe madzi, alibe kukoma kapena fungo. Mu mabuku ang'ono madzi opanda popanda admixtures ndi colorless.

Udindo kwachilengedwenso

Madzi - ndi zosungunulira chachikulu. Kuti ndi chikhalidwe cha dongosolo la maselo amalola tanthauzo amenewa. Katundu wa madzi kugwirizana ndi polarisability ake: molekyu iliyonse ali mitengo iwiri. Wachisoni zogwirizana ndi mpweya, ndi zabwino - ndi maatomu wa hydrogen. The madzi molekyulu amatha kupanga otchedwa nsinga wa hydrogen ndi particles zinthu zina kukopa maatomu oppositely mlandu zake "+" ndi "-". Choncho chinthu amene akukhala njira ayeneranso magetsi. kam'bulu kamodzi wazunguliridwa ndi particles angapo madzi. Pambuyo akatembenuka mankhwala n'chachikulu reactivity. Monga zosungunulira, madzi ntchito ndi maselo onse a zinthu zamoyo. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa katundu amene kudziwa udindo wake kwachilengedwenso.

limati atatu

Madzi amadziwika m'njira zitatu: madzi, olimba ndi gaseous. Woyamba wa limati awa a loitanirana, monga kale, ndi khalidwe la madzi pansi yozungulira zinthu. Pa kuthamanga yachibadwa mumlengalenga ndi kutentha m'munsimu 0 ° C amakhala oundana. Ngati Kutentha zakuthupi ukufika 100 ° C, nthunzi kuchokera madzi anapanga.

Tikumbukenso kuti zinthu amapanga zofanana zambiri anapezeka m'chigawo gaseous ndipo ndi otsika kuwira mfundo. Chifukwa mtendere wa madzi - mu mgwirizano wa hydrogen pakati mamolekyulu. Kupita mu khalidwe la nthunzi m'pofunika kuswa iwo. nsinga wa hydrogen ndi mphamvu zokwanira, ndi kuwaononga, wambirimbiri mphamvu chofunika. Choncho, mkulu kuwira mfundo.

mavuto padziko

Chifukwa mgwirizano wa hydrogen wa madzi ndi khalidwe la mavuto mkulu pamwamba. Pa nkhani imeneyi, ndi yokha Mercury. Pamwamba mavuto tingafunse pa mawonekedwe a media awiri osiyana, ndipo liyenela Tikaganizira za kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. The chifukwa cha chuma ichi ndi chidwi zotsatira. Mu weightlessness dontho amatenga mawonekedwe ozungulira, kuyambira madzi amamuchititsa kuchepetsa pamwamba yakeyake kusamalira mphamvu. Mofananamo, madzi khalidwe nthawi zina zipangizo nonwettable. Mwachitsanzo - mame dontho pa masamba. Kudzera mu mphamvu ya mavuto pamwamba pa padziko Otsetsereka dziwe akhoza glide ndi tizilombo tina.

An insulator kapena wochititsa?

Thanzi ndi chitetezo cha ana nthawi zambiri zimachitika maphunziro kuti madzi bwino magetsi. Komabe, zimenezi si zoona. Chifukwa chikhalidwe cha dongosolo lawo, madzi oyera ofooka dissociated ndipo sanali conductive. Kuti Ndipotu, ndi insulator. Komabe, zinthu zachilendo kukumana madzi koyera sizingatheke monga amasungunula zinthu zambiri. Ndipo chifukwa ambiri zosafunika madzi amakhala wochititsa. Komanso, kuthekera kuchita magetsi zingadziŵike mmene madzi oyera.

Refraction ndi mayamwidwe

Wina chuma cha madzi, kuyambira ku sekondale onse - luso izo kwa refract cheza kuwala. Atawoloka kuwala madzi a tikusintha malangizo. Ndi amenewa kugwirizana ndi mapangidwe utawaleza. Komanso refraction a kuunika, ndi kuzindikira za izo kupanga maziko a zolakwa kudziwa kuya kwa madzi: akuoneka kakang'ono kuposa izo kwenikweni.

Komabe, refracted kuwala kwa sipekitiramu kuwoneka. Ndipo Mwachitsanzo, cheza infuraredi madzi atamezedwa. N'chifukwa chake pali zotsatira kutentha. Kumvetsa zinthu zobisika madzi Mwanjira imeneyi tingathe kupemphera kwa makhalidwe a chikhalidwe cha Venus. Mu Baibulo mmodzi wa Kufunda pa dziko kwachititsa evaporation wa madzi.

mtundu madzi

Iye amene wandiona nyanja kapena madzi thupi mwatsopano ndi poyerekeza ndi madzi mu galasi, anaona ena zikusiyana. Mtundu wa madzi masoka kapena yokumba madzi sikuti lifanane ndi zimene zimawonedwa mu chikho. Mbali yoyamba, ndi buluu, wabuluu, ngakhale zobiriwira-chikasu, wachiwiri si zilipo. Chotero kodi chekeni madzi kwenikweni?

Iwo likukhalira kuti si koyera madzi ndi colorless. Iye ali pang'ono bluish kulocha. Madzi mtundu ndi wotumbululuka kuti zedi yaing'ono zikuoneka kuti mandala mwamtheradi. Komabe, zinthu zachilengedwe, zikuoneka mu ulemerero wake onse. Komanso, zosafunika zambiri monga pa nkhani ya magetsi, kusintha katundu wa madzi. Onse anakumana kamodzi pa dziwe zobiriwira kapena puddles brownish.

Mtundu wa madzi ndi moyo

❖ kuyanika wa posungira zambiri zimadalira tizilombo ndi mwachangu proliferating momwemo zosafunika miyala. madzi Kamaoneka zambiri akusonyeza pamaso pa algae yaing'ono. M'madera nyanja, utoto mtundu, kawirikawiri zinyama zambiri. Choncho, asodzi nthawi zonse khutu ku mtundu wa madzi. Chotsani madzi buluu osauka zomera, ndi Choncho, amene kudya iwo.

Nthawi zina tizilombo angagwirizanitse kwambiri chodabwitsa mithunzi. Mumadziwika nyanja ndi chokoleti pa mtundu madzi. Ntchito ya algae zokhala ndi selo imodzi ndi mabakiteriya anapanga thupi nofeki wa madzi pachilumba cha Flores ku Indonesia.

Mu Switzerland Sanetsch Pass ndi nyanja ndi madzi yowala pinki. A pang'ono kuposa mthunzi wotumbululuka ali madzi mu Senegal.

zokongola chozizwitsa

pamaso chidwi anaonekera kwa alendo mu United States, dziko Yellowstone Park. Pali nyanja Morning Ulemerero. madzi ake ndi mbee mtundu. Chifukwa mtundu uwu - mabakiteriya chomwecho. Yellowstone wotchuka geysers ambiri ndi akasupe a madzi otentha. Pansi pa nyanja Morning Ulemerero ili yopapatiza pakamwa pa phiri. Kutentha limatuluka therefrom ndi kukhalabe kutentha madzi komanso chitukuko cha mabakiteriya. Kamodzi m'nyanja yonseyo anali galasi buluu. Komabe, pa nthawi pakamwa pa phiri yatsekera, amene anathandiza ndi alendo ndi chikondi chake kuponya ndalama ndi zinyalala. Chifukwa, kutentha pamwamba utachepa, anayamba kubereka zina mabakiteriya. Today penti madzi zimasiyanasiyana ndi kuya. Pansi pa nyanja akadali kwambiri buluu.

zaka mabiliyoni angapo zapitazo, madzi chinathandiza zikamera wa moyo padziko lapansi. Kuyambira pamenepo, phindu lake si kuchepa. Madzi ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa chiwerengero cha zochita mankhwala pa mlingo ma, ndi mbali ya zimakhala onse ndi ziwalo. Nyanja chimakwirira pafupifupi 71% ya padziko lathuli ndi kungathandize kwambiri kukhalabe mtendere wa boma la dongosolo chotero chimphona monga Earth. Thupi ndi mankhwala katundu wa madzi kulola kuitana mankhwala zake zazikulu kwa zamoyo zonse. Madamu, kukhala malo a zamoyo multicellular, kuwonjezera, kukhala gwero la kukongola ndi kudzoza, kusonyeza zilandiridwenso yaikulu kwambiri m'chilengedwe.