Zopeka ndi chiyani? Zopeka: Tanthauzo

zopeka ndi chiyani? Yankho la funso limeneli. Wosangalatsa nkhani zopeka, kapena - ndi mtundu wanyimbo nthano yomwe ndi ndakatulo kapena prose Nkhani, buku laling'ono, makamaka azithunzithunzi okhutira, amene ali mutu fano kwenikweni mwadala molakwika.

Khama la zopeka

VY Propp, philologist ndi folklorist, anayankha funso chimene chili zopeka - izi ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya mtundu wanyimbo wosangalatsa, kumene mkati zenizeni vyvorochena. Fotokozani kuti nkhani za zochitika pa moyo wa zosatheka kwathunthu, monga choncho, monga mapewa a munthu igwera mu chithaphwi, bakha pa mutu wake, kumanga chisa ndi kuikira mazira, ndiyeno nkhandwe akubwera kuzidya.

Russian zopeka

Kwa zaka zambiri, ku Russia kunali folklore sukulu ana kwa zaka 4 mpaka 12, umene aliyense kumaonekera ndi khama ndi kusaka anaitcha zopeka.

polemba chinenero ichi anayambitsa Nthabwala, ofalitsa nkhani, mwayi oseketsa nyimbo ndi mawu anachita midzi ndi mizinda pa hooters ndi waxwings.

Mu kuphunzira folklore dziko, anachita Andreem Sinyavskim, anali allocated nkhani wosangalatsa ndi zopeka, amene ayitana nkhani za zochitika, amene anali asanakhalepo sanathe. Ndicho chimene zopeka (tanthauzo Andreya Sinyavskogo). Ndiko kuti, mawu ndi zochitika momasuka alogical, amene cholinga inu kuti zotsatira azithunzithunzi. Mwachitsanzo, atchula mpukutu kwa "nkhani Kumpoto", olembedwa NE Onchukovym. Imakamba mmene munthu wina nkhwangwa pa mapazi ace, atavala nkhwangwa chogwirira, akuigwiritsa nkhuni lamba wa pamimba. Mkazi wake anali kukongola - ngati kuyang'ana kunja pa zenera, kotero agalu ali kukuwa kwa masiku atatu. Ndicho chimene zopeka. Tanthawuzo la mtundu wanyimbo anapatsidwa mu kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino.

Kusiyana pakati pa nkhani zotopetsa zopeka

Iye anati Andrei Sinyavsky ndi kuti zopeka, kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira azithunzithunzi, ndi mawu pamodzi, mfundo ndi swapped. Monga nkhani zotopetsa, nkhani wosangalatsa - ndi parody za nthano yokha. Kusiyana pakati pa iwo kwagona kuti magulu osiyanasiyana parodied. Umabweretsa ku meaninglessness cholemetsa nthano mfundo ya m'litali ndi zamalumikizidwe. Only mawonekedwe yopanda patsalanso: youmba, anatambasula kuti osawerengeka unyolo mawu. The wosangalatsa nkhani zili anabweretsa chotheka maphwando a nkhani yokha ndi mtima wake kuti zauzimu ndi zozizwitsa. Ndicho chimene zopeka.

Zopeka mu America

American folklore monga mbali yofunika ya mtundu wanyimbo wa zopeka, omwe unalembedwa ndi mpikisano ndi ukudzikweza Wild West. "Toastmasters Mayiko" umachitika zaka ziwiri, mipikisano ya oratory, umene monga chigawo limodzi akhoza zosiyanasiyana wosangalatsa nkhani kusimba. Ophunzira mu nkhani iyi, anapatsidwa mbiri ya mphindi 3-5, ndiyeno aweruzidwa ndi loweruza a.

Ngwazi yotchuka kwambiri ya nthano mu America zikuphatikizapo otchulidwa zotsatirazi, ena amene ali mbiri: chimphona lumberjack Paulo Bunyan, amene anatenga nkhwangwa manja ake pa tsiku lachiwiri atangobadwa; Pete Cordes, mng'ono wake; Toni Biver; Pecos Bill, Daniel bun ndi ena.

Zopeka m'mayiko ena

Monga ulamuliro, kanthu zopeka (folklore Australia) chikuchitika mu chitsamba, mwachitsanzo, Spivey, lodziwika bwino munda. Iwo ndiwo amene atchulidwa wa Bill Big scooped bwino cholinga cha migodi ya malasha, kwambiri opusa munda wokhalamo; komanso Strigal otchuka omwe wogwidwa mphamvu yayikulu, dzina lake Crooked Mick. khalidwe limapezekanso pa ntchito ya "kunong'oneza mu Mphepo" Alana Marshalla.

Popular ngwazi za nthano zosiyanasiyana Canada ndi Mafero Joe, khalidwe lodziwika bwino, chimphona lumberjack.

Zopeka mu chikhalidwe chi

Popular kudzera mwa nthano m'zaka za m'ma 20 zithunzithunzi za zimene zasintha pa mapositi kadi. NdiAmene ambiri amaphatikiza zojambula ndi kujambula, ntchito kusintha moyenera unsembe wachithunzi kugwira nsomba chimphona, kukasaka nyama zikuluzikulu kapena atakwera iwo, kukula kukula zapadera za mbewu. Komanso Kuwakhulupirira (zomwe ndi zopeka, kuwerenga pa chiyambi cha nkhani) ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana za Chuck Norris - nkhani zoseketsa za iye.

Ntchito nkhani ku zopeka

Iwo khalidwe makamaka nthano koma palinso mabuku a nthano, makamaka zochokera nkhani zosiyanasiyana folklore. Zitsanzo zotsatirazi: The Zopatsa Chidwi cha Baron Munchausen mu ulaliki wa wolemba Erich Raspe, Gargantua ndi Pantagruel wa Rabelais 'buku la dzina chomwecho, Pomeranian nthano Stepan Pisahova ndi Boris Shergina. Kumaphatikizaponso ndakatulo "Chisokonezo" Korney Chukovsky, chomwe kwathunthu cha turncoats.

Chukovskij zimasonyeza ana kuti khalidwe la nyama bwino. Pa mtima za nthano izi ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi zoipa: nyanja chinaikidwa pa chanterelles moto, amene anatenga machesi. Decoupling mwadzidzidzi: palibe amene anatha izo, kokha gulugufe wamng'ono anali kuchita izo.

Chukovsky pomenyera nkhani mu 20s ankafunika kuthana ndi aphunzitsi amene ankati iye anali mchitidwe wa lotha bourgeois chikhalidwe, iwo ngakhale lofalitsidwa ndi ntchito sayansi - ". Ndife motsutsa nthano" magulu nkhani pansi pa mutu ambiri tiponye adiresi shifter anapangidwa. Iwo Chukovskij nakhalanso polemba chinenero ichi. Lero, mwamwayi, maganizo a nthano ndi pagona.

Samuil Marshak (zaka za moyo - 1887-1964) analemba ndakatulo wotchuka za anthu anamwazikana ku dziwe msewu. Zinalengedwa nkhondo isanayambe, pamene wolemba ankakhala Leningrad, Suli kutali alipo kwenikweni Baseina Street (lero amatchedwa msewu Nekrasov).

ntchito nkhani

Ana, woyamba zomveka Zochita ndi mutu wa m'gulu la ntchito, kumupatsa zizindikiro uncharacteristic. Ana anabwera ndi HRE ndi nkhani okha. Korney Chukovsky analemba kuti kugwiritsa ntchito nkhani zoterozo ndi ndime yomveka: kupatuka aliyense mwakale kumalimbitsa mwana mu izo, amayankha pa lathu onse pamwamba cha chikhulupiriro pa dziko ino. Mwana mphamvu maganizo monga amachita kumupima ndi wotsutsana izo, zomwe zikutipatsa kudalira nzeru, kudzidalira, choncho m'pofunika ana, kuti kusochera m'dziko lathu wachisokonezo.

Zopeka akuluakulu mwa mawu gibberish, zamkhutu, ndi mwanayo - nkhani zoseketsa za zimene kwenikweni sangakhale. Onani kuti kuyambira kale kwambiri anthu pali ichi mtundu wa nthano ndi zoona folklore akuzisunga zokhazokha, imathandiza kunja achabechabe. Child, pang'onopang'ono kuwulula chitsanzo cha dziko lino, kupanga maganizo atsopano pang'onopang'ono ayamba kusewera zosiyanasiyana zachikunja, chifukwa yekha ndi kusewera mwamuna wamng'ono mukhoza kumvetsa loukitsa Akufa.

Ana, inverting zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana, kuika tanthauzo latsopano kwa yodziwika, kuphunzira mmene ntchito ndi bwino kusamalira mfundo zosiyanasiyana kupanga malingaliro, ufulu wamaganizo, choncho anayamba kumverera ndi kumvetsa nthabwala lapansi.

Tafotokoza kuti zopeka. Tanthauzo, mitundu, ntchito zawo akhala kuphunzira ndi ife. Monga mukuonera, polemba chinenero ichi ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi zothandiza. Nazale rhymes ndi nkhani - Osangopereka mwawo nkhani, iwo ali kwenikweni, zolinga kwambiri, kuthandiza kuumba umunthu wa mwanayo.