Zothetsera mavuto: kukonzekera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito

Njira zothetsera mavuto ndi zothetsera zowonjezereka. Mavitampu ndi mavundi omwe ali ndi chiŵerengero chokwanira cha zidulo zofooka ndi ma salt awo okhala ndizitsulo zolimba kapena mabowo osalimba ndi ma salt awo ndi amphamvu acids. Njira zoterezi zimakhala ndi mavitoni a H + osasunthika pokhapokha atasunthidwa ndi madzi osakanikirana (madzi) ndi kuwonjezera mavitamini amphamvu kapena zitsulo.

Njira zowonongeka zimapezeka m'madzi a m'nyanja, nthaka ndi zamoyo. Machitidwewa amachititsa ntchito za otsogolera omwe amathandizira kugwira ntchito kwa sing'anga pamtengo wapatali wofunikira kuti njira yopambana yogwiritsa ntchito kagayidwe kake ikhale yopambana. Njira zothetsera mavuto zimakhala zosavuta komanso zofunikira. Chitsanzo cha chakale chikhoza kukhala njira yamagetsi yonyamulira, yachiwiri - ammonium. Pali njira zowonongeka komanso zopangidwira. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi magazi omwe ali ndi hydrocarbonate, phosphate, mapuloteni, hemoglobin ndi machulukidwe. Njira yothetsera vutoli ingakhale yamatenda a acetate omwe ali ndi CH3COOH.

Zomwe zimapangidwira mkati ndi njira zowonongeka zidzalingaliridwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yamakatuti ya acetate monga chitsanzo: acetate acid / sodium acetate. Mu chimbudzi chamadzimadzi, zigawo zikuluzikulu za pulogalamu yamagetsi zimapangidwira magetsi. Sodium acetate monga mchere wa asidi wofooka komanso maziko olimba amalekanitsa kwambiri. Kukhalapo kwa anions mu mankhwala osakaniza kumadalira mchere wambiri mkati mwake ndi kutalika kwake. Mitundu ya H + ioni m'dongosolo la buffer ndilopangidwa mofanana ndi asidi mmenemo komanso mofanana ndi mchere wa asidi mmenemo.

Momwemonso, mavitoni a H + m'kati mwake amakhala ofanana mofanana ndi mchere umene umakhala mkati mwake komanso mofanana kwambiri ndi mchere.

M'machitidwe a labotale, njira zothetsera vuto ndi ma pH odziwika bwino amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Choncho, kukonzekera njira zothetsera vutoli kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonjezera asidi ndi mchere wokhala ndi maziko olimba kapena osauka komanso mchere ndi mphamvu ya asidi. Kenaka, kusintha kusintha kwa zigawozikulu, zowonongeka zowonongeka ndi kupatsidwa pH mtengo. Ena akufuna kudziwa momwe yankholi likonzekera.

Mwachitsanzo, m'pofunika kukonzekera teteti ya acetate ndi ma p values ambiri. Poyamba, konzekerani njira zothetsera 5M ya acetate ndi acetate ya sodium. Pofuna kukonza yankho loyambirira, tengani 50 ml imodzi ya zigawozo. Kutsogoleredwa ndi ndondomekoyi, kuchuluka kwa H + ions mu njirayi kumatsimikiziridwa.

Potsatira njira yothetsera vutoli, tengani 80 ml ya mankhwala a asidi ndi 20 ml ya mankhwala amchere omwe anakonzedwa kale. Pali malamulo angapo a zothetsera mavuto osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala ndi ma laboratory.

Kuti mupeze njira zothetsera mavuto, zina mwazo ndizo khalidwe. Izi zimaphatikizapo, choyamba, kuzunzika - kuthekera kosalekeza nthawi yambiri ya H + ions pamene kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa asidi amphamvu kapena maziko olimba ku njira yothetsera. Mwachitsanzo, ngati pang'ono mankhwala a kloride akuwonjezeredwa ku chidulo cha acetate, pH sichidzasunthira mbali ya asidi, chifukwa chloride acid idzachita ndi mchere wogwiritsa ntchito mchere ndi ofooka asidi mchere. Chifukwa cha zomwe anachita, amphamvu ya asidi, yomwe imatha kusuntha pH kwa asidi mbali, imalowetsedwa ndi asidi wofooka ndi mchere wosalowerera. Kulekanitsa kwa njira yothetsera electrolyte yofooka ndi kuwonjezereka kwake kumachepetsedwa, kumafika ku zero, ndipo kusintha kwa pH sikuchitika.