Chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu Russia. Mu chaka chimene chinali chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom

Malamulo udindo kulembetsa malinga wamba chotchedwa serfdom. zodabwitsazi amakhala ndi chitukuko cha anthu kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Mapangidwe serfdom chikugwirizana ndi zamoyo ubale ang'onoang'ono.

Chiyambi cha serfdom mu Europe

Mfundo yaikulu ya kudalira ang'onoang'ono osauka kwa mwininyumba anali mu ulamuliro pa serf payekha. Kotheka kugula ndi kugulitsa, kuti amaletsa kuyenda mu dziko, kapena mumzindamo, ngakhale kulamulira nkhani pamoyo wake.

Monga asapita ang'onoang'ono osauka, malingana ndi maonekedwe a m'derali, ndi serfdom inkayenda mu maiko osiyanasiyana panthawi zosiyanasiyana. Mu Ulaya, izo munakhala mu Ages Middle. Mu England, France, Germany, serfdom linathetsedwa m'zaka XVII. Kusintha zokhudza kumasulidwa kwa osawuka ndi wolemera mu Choonadi. Kum'mawa ndi pakati pa Ulaya - m'madera ubwenzi ang'onoang'ono nthawi yaitali. Mu Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary serfdom layamba kutenga mawonekedwe mu zaka XV-XVI. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Masewerera a Nordic mayiko malamulo kudalira ang'onoang'ono osauka ku ang'onoang'ono ndipo si chozama.

Makhalidwe ndi zinthu mapangidwe kudalira ang'onoang'ono

Mbiri ya serfdom amatilola kufufuza maonekedwe khalidwe la boma ndi chikhalidwe dongosolo limene ubale anapanga malingana ndi osawuka ndi nzika wolemera:

1. Pamaso pa amphamvu ndi ulamuliro waukulu.
2. zosiyanasiyana Social mwa umwini.
3. Low mlingo wa maphunziro.

Pa siteji oyambirira chitukuko ubale ang'onoang'ono zolinga ukapolo anali m'mphawi ubwenzi ndi wambiri dziko la mwinimunda ndi kuteteza kuthawa antchito. mchikhalidwe malamulo zonse ndondomeko ya msonkho - kusowa kayendedwe anthu ntchito yosonkhanitsa msonkho. Pakati pa zoletsa anayamba feudalism kukhala osiyanasiyana. Tsopano mlimi osati sakanakhoza kusuntha paokha ndi malo, koma analibe ufulu ndi mwayi kugula katundu, dziko kulipira ndalama zina kwa mwininyumba kuti ndi ufulu kugwira ntchito pa malo ake. Zoletsa kuti strata m'munsi mwa anthu osiyana dera ndipo amadalira makhalidwe a chitukuko cha anthu.

Chiyambi cha serfdom ku Russia

The ndondomeko ya ukapolo ku Russia - pa msinkhu wa malamulo malamulo - anayamba m'zaka XV. Adzafafaniza kudalira munthu anapangidwa pambuyo kwambiri kuposa mayiko ena a ku Ulaya. Malinga ndi kalembera, chiwerengero cha serfs m'madera osiyana a dziko zinali zosiyana. wamba amadalira pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX anayamba pang'onopang'ono kusuntha kwa zigawo zina.

Akatswiri akufufuza kuti magwero ndi zimayambitsa serfdom ku Russia mu zochitika za nthawi ya Old boma Russian. Ndimapanga kucheza zikuchitika mawu kolimbikira chapakati boma - osachepera pa zaka 100-200, mu ulamuliro wa Vladimira Velikogo ndi Yaroslava Mudrogo. Thupi waukulu malamulo a nthawi anali "Russian Choonadi". Bukuli zomwe okhudza asapita osauka kwaulere ndipo unfree ndi nzika. Associates anali akapolo, atumiki, kugula, ryadovichi - iwo anagwa mu ukapolo m'mikhalidwe yosiyana. Zinali ndi ufulu smerdy - iwo analipira msonkho ndipo anayenera dzikolo.

Tartar kuwukira ndi ang'onoang'ono kugawikana zitsulo amachititsa Lazaro kuwonongeka. Land kamodzi dziko zinalumikizana anakhala mbali ya Poland, Lithuania, Muscovy. Latsopano anayesera ukapolo m'zaka za m'ma XV.

Chiyambi cha mapangidwe kudalira ang'onoang'ono

Mu zaka XV-XVI pa dera la Lazaro kale unakhazikitsidwa dongosolo manorial. Mlimi anagwiritsa ntchito ziwembu za mwini m'dziko lawo mfundo za mgwirizano. Mwalamulo, iye anali munthu ufulu. The ankatha amachoka pa mwinimunda kumalo ena, koma kuti tisakhale iwo sakanakhoza asamathe. Yekha malire - kunali kosatheka kuti dzikoli mpaka kulipira kwa eni ake.

Ulendo woyamba kuchepetsa ufulu wa anthu wamba lidalengedwa ndi Ivan III. "Sudebnik" wolemba wavomereza kusintha m'mayiko ena kwa sabata isanayambe kapena itatha Tsiku St. George. Mu mu 1581 lamulo linaperekedwa oletsa amasulidwe wamba mu zaka zina. Koma si angagwirizanitse iwo ku malo enieni. Watsimikiza November 1597 adavomereza kufunika Bwezerani kwa antchito mwininyumba wothawa. Mu 1613 mphamvu Muscovy anabwera Romanov mafumu - amenewo anaculuka mawu kufufuza ndi wothawa kubwerera.

Za Council Code

Kodi chaka serfdom anamukwiyira formalized ponseponse malamulo? Mwalamulo, udindo yozungulira a wamba anali ovomerezedwa ndi Council Code 1649. Chikalatachi anali zimasiyana kwambiri ndi zochita za m'mbuyomo. Code ndi lingaliro lalikulu m'munda wa lamulo la mwinimunda ndi wamba sikunali kuti aletse yamasika kusamukira ku matauni ena ndi m'midzi. Monga malo okhala anali gawo wotetezedwa zimene munthuyo ankakhala pa zotsatira za kalembera wa 1620, ntchentche. Kusiyana kwina kwakukulu pakati pa malamulo a malamulo - ndi allegation kuti apeze amathawathawa amakhala kosatha. wamba ufulu ochepetsa - bukuli pafupifupi ukugwira iwo asauze wamba. ogwira ntchito zaulimi a Mr.

Yambani wa serfdom - mndandanda zofunikila pa gulu. Koma panali malangizo amene kuchilango mwankhanza a mwanaciro munda. The ankatha kudandaula kapena akambirane, sanathe asalandidwe dzikolo monga kuthana njonda.

Ambiri, malamulo amenewa anali atathana serfdom. Zaka adatuluka kumaliza ndondomeko ya kalembera wa wathunthu kudalira ang'onoang'ono.

Mbiri ya serfdom ku Russia

Pambuyo Council Code anaonekera zikalata zingapo, zimene anakonza udindo wa wamba yozungulira. Pomaliza, adzadziphatika malo makamaka okhala msonkho kusintha 1718-1724 nthawi. Pang'onopang'ono zopinga zinachititsa kuti kamangidwe ka chikhalidwe kapolo wa Amaya. Mu 1747, mumzinda anapatsidwa ufulu kugulitsa wantchito kulemba anthu usilikali mwawo ndi zaka 13 - ku ukapolo ku Siberia.

Poyamba, mlimi ndi mwayi akudandaula kuti mwini malo, koma anali ndi 1767 iime. Mu 1783-mamita serfdom kufalikira ndi gawo la kumanzere-Bank Ukraine. malamulo onse, natsimikiza kudalira ang'onoang'ono, kuteteza yekha ufulu wa nzika.

zikalata umalimbana kuwongolera zinthu osauka, mu mfundo ananyalanyaza. Paulo I analamula masiku atatu serfdom, koma ntchito unatenga masiku 5-6. Kuyambira 1833 landlords analandira ufulu mwalamulo chitsatiridwe kutaya moyo wa serf lapansi.

Magawo a serfdom analoledwa kubwerezanso zikuluzikulu zonse Kupeza kudalira wamba.

Madzulo a kusintha

Mavuto serf dongosolo anayamba kufika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII. Zimenezi angaletsedwe patsogolo chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko ubale capitalist. Serfdom anali khoma umene umawalekanitsa Russia ku mayiko yotukuka Europe.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti panalibe kudalira ang'onoang'ono pa gawo lonse la dziko. Serfdom sizinali mu Caucasus, Far East, m'madera Asian. Pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX izo linathetsedwa mu Courland, Livonia. Alexander I inakhazikitsa lamulo pa alimi ufulu. Cholinga chake chinali kuthetsa kukakamiza Amaya.

Nicholas ndinapanga pofuna kulenga ntchito akakulitsa chikalata yothetsera serfdom. Kupha mtundu umenewu, malingana landlords kupewedwa. Mfumu inalamula nzika pa kumasulidwa kwa amphawi kumupatsa m'dziko limene angazichite. Zotsatira za chilamulo ichi amadziwika - landlords idaleka kumasula serfs.

Complete chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu Russia adzakhala mwana wa Nicholas I - Alexander II.

Zimayambitsa Kusintha agrarian

Serfdom angaletsedwe chitukuko cha dziko. Chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu Russia wakhala kufunikira mbiri. Mosiyana ndi mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya, ku Russia makampani zochepa olemera ndi malonda. Chifukwa kuti anali kusowa chilimbikitso ndi chidwi antchito za ntchito yawo. Serfdom anali ananyema pa chitukuko ubale msika ndipo kumalizidwa kwa mafakitale. M'mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya kuti ali bwinobwino inatha pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX.

Ang'onoang'ono mwininyumba ndalama komanso ubale unasiya kukhala zothandiza - iwo ali ndi lothandiza musati zizigwirizana zenizeni mbiri. Serf ntchito kodi si zifukwa lokha. The yozungulira malo a wamba kwathunthu akumanidwa ufulu wawo ndipo kenako kuthandiza munthu kupanduka. kusakhutira Social unakula. Ofunikira kusintha kwa serfdom. apereke chigamulo zofuna njira akatswiri.

chochitika chofunika, chifukwa umene unali kusintha kwa 1861, ndi Crimea nkhondo, imene Russia anagonjetsedwa. nkhani za chikhalidwe ndi zolephera mfundo yachilendo zimaloza ku mfundo wosabereka zoweta ndi achilendo.

Maganizo a serfdom

Khalidwe lokonda serfdom zowonetseredwa ndi ambiri olemba, andale, ofufuza, anzeru. mafotokozedwe ndithu za moyo wa Amaya kupimidwa. Chiyambireni kuli serfdom analipo ndi maganizo ochepa chifukwa wake. Timasiyanitsa zosiyana ziwiri zazikulu. Ena anaganiza ngati chitsanzo ubwenzi a dongosolo monarchical boma. Serfdom ankatchedwa mbiri wabwino zotsatira ubale umutu, zothandiza maphunziro a anthu ndiponso kukufunikira kutukula ndi ogwira zachuma. Chachiwiri, osiyana choyamba, malo amalankhula kudalira ang'onoang'ono ngati chodabwitsa chiwerewere. Serfdom, malinga ndi mafani zosiyana, ndi kuononga chikhalidwe ndi andale ndi chuma cha dziko. Gululi udindo wachiwiri angatchedwe Herzen, Aksakov. Publication A. Savelyev yotsutsa zinthu zoipa za serfdom. wolemba analemba kuti mfundo za tsoka wamba ali kutali ndi choonadi. The kusintha kwa 1861 komanso kwaiye ndemanga losanganikirana.

Development Kusintha Project

Mfumu Alexander Wachiwiri kwa nthawi yoyamba analankhula za imabwera chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu 1856. Patatha chaka chimodzi, komiti akambirane, amene anali kukhala ntchito kusintha. Iwo unali ndi anthu 11. The Commission anaona kuti m'pofunika kulenga m'makomiti apadera uliwonse chigawo. Iwo ayenera kuphunzira zinthu pantsi kuti kusinthidwa ndi malangizo. Mu 1857, ntchito wakhala mtchatho. The lingaliro lalikulu la ndondomeko choyambirira cha chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom - kuwonongedwa kudalira munthu, pokhalabe ufulu dziko nzika. Imakhala kwa nyengo ya kusintha kwa anatengera anthu kuti asinthe. N'zotheka chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu Russia wachititsa kusamvetsetsa mu nzika sing'anga. Komiti utangoyamba ankachititsanso kulimbana kuzungulira zinthu kusintha. Mu 1858, anaganiza kuti tisaletse kukakamiza alimi, osati kuletsa kudalira pa. The ntchito bwino kwambiri anayamba Y. Rostovtsev. pulogalamu amapereka chiyembekezo chakuti kudalira munthu, Kupeza nyengo yosintha, lokhudza malo wamba. andale ndiwofatsa sanali ikugwiridwira - adafuna kuchepetsa ufulu wa anthu wamba ndi kukula kwa wambiri. Mu 1860, pambuyo pa imfa ya Y. Rostovtsev, acitukuko chinkhoswe V. Panin.

Zotsatira za zaka zingapo ntchito ndi makomiti Anakhalanso maziko chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom. 1861 mbiri ya Russia wakhala chosaiwalika mu njira iliyonse.

Mawu akuti "Manifesto"

Polojekiti ya kusintha agrarian anapanga maziko a "Manifesto wa chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom." Lemba la chikalata ichi zowonjezera za "Malamulo pa Amaya" - iwo anafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane za subtleties a kusintha ndi zachuma. Chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu Russia unachitikira 19 February 1861 chaka. Pa tsiku ili, Mfumu anasaina Ndondomeko ndi anaulura izo.

chikalata pulogalamu anathetsa serfdom. Non-kupata zaka ubale ang'onoang'ono m'mbuyomu. Osachepera ndicho chimene anthu ankaganiza.

The chakudya chachikulu cha bukuli:

• Alimi analandira ufulu, ankatengedwa "mongoyembekezera wokakamizidwa."
• serfs wakale kukhala chuma, ufulu wodzilamulira.
• Alimi anapereka dziko, koma iwo ankayenera kugwira ntchito ndi kulipira. N'zoonekeratu serfs akale analibe ndalama zogulira, kotero katunduyo yokhala anadzatchedwa ndi kudalira munthu.
• Kukula kwa ziwembu dziko anatsimikiza landlords.
• Nzika analandira chitsimikizo ku boma lamanja la wotuluka chiwombolo. Choncho, zofuna ndalama ndinakagona pansi pa Amaya.

Pansipa, ganizira akuitanidwa tebulo "Serfdom:. Chiyembekezo chakuti kudalira munthu" Tiyeni tione zotsatira zabwino ndi zoipa kusintha.

zabwino	zoipa
Kupeza ufulu munthu yapachiweniweni	Inali yosaloledwa kayendedwe
Ufulu momasuka mu ukwati, ndi malonda, kugonjera madandaulo kukhoti, kuti katundu	Chosowa mwayi kugula dziko kwenikweni akubwerera ku malo a wamba serf
The zikamera wa maziko a chitukuko ubale msika	landlords ufulu pamwamba ufulu wa anthu wamba
	Wamba sanali kufuna ntchito, sankadziwa mmene kulowa msika. Monga landlords sankadziwa mmene moyo popanda serfs
	Wokwera dipo dziko gawo
	Mapangidwe m'dera la kumidzi. Iye sanali imayambitsa kupita patsogolo anthu

1861 mu mbiri Russian chinali chaka cha yojambula mu maziko chikhalidwe. Ang'onoang'ono asapita amene anakonza anthu sizikanatha zothandiza. Koma kusintha anali akapanda ndinaganiza, kotero zotsatirapo zoipa zambiri.

Russia pambuyo kukonza

Zotsatira za serfdom, monga kusafuna ubale capitalist ndi mavuto makalasi onse, kunena za mwadzidzidzi ndi crudity kusintha akufuna. Pa kusintha kwa alimi anayankha zisudzo zikuluzikulu. Kupanduka chinapululutsa maiko ambiri. Pa 1861 panali zoposa 1000 zachiwawa.

Mavuto obwera chifukwa cha chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom, amene mofanana anakhudzidwa ndi landlords, ndi osawuka, mavuto omwe amadza pa boma si wokonzeka kusintha Russia. Kusintha anathetsa alipo dongosolo yaitali ubale ndi zachuma, koma sanalenge Nawonso achichepere ndi adafotokoza njira pofuna kukwaniritsa dziko mu chikhalidwe chatsopano. Ankapezabe wamba tsopano inawonongedwa, ndi kupondereza landlords, ndi zofuna za kalasi kukula bourgeois. Izi zinachititsa deceleration mu chitukuko capitalist a dziko.

Kusintha si kumasulidwa ku serfdom osauka, koma anatenga mwayi womaliza mabanja awo chakudya likuvutika landlords amene amalamulidwa ndi lamulo kusunga serfs awo. Mabuku awo utachepa poyerekeza ndi chisanadze kusintha. M'malo mangawa, zimene ankachita pa mwininyumba, panali ndalama yaikulu chikhalidwe chosiyana. M'dera la kumidzi pafupifupi kwathunthu Adamchotsa lamanja la ntchito za nkhalango, meadows ndi mchere. Wamba akadali analephera osiyana malo. Ndipo iwo ankatengedwa ngati alipo mu ulamuliro wapadera malamulo.

The landlords Nayenso anazunzidwa kwambiri zomvetsa chifukwa kusintha movutikira chidwi zachuma. Chambiri alimi kwathetsa kuthekera kwa ufulu ntchito zakale chitukuko cha ulimi. Ndipotu, landlords amakakamizidwa kupereka alimi umwini gawo dziko. Kusintha zotsutsana osiyana ndi umboni, kusowa njira chitukuko zina za anthu ndi ubale akapolo zakale ndi landlords. Koma kenako, watsopano zakale nthawi, adali ndi tanthauzo mwapang'onopang'ono anatulukira.

kusintha wamba unali wofunika kwambiri kwa mapangidwe zina ndi chitukuko ubale capitalist mu Russia. Pakati pa zotsatira zabwino kusankha zotsatirazi:

• Pambuyo kumasulidwa kwa amphawi panali kwambiri pankhani ya kukula kwa si akatswiri ntchito mphamvu msika.

• Kukula mofulumira makampani ndi ulimi bizinesi wakhazikitsa mwa makonzedwe a serf wakale ufulu chuma. Malo ufulu wa anthu otchuka pa nthaka inathetsedwa ndi mwayi kukagulitsa ziwembu dziko.

• The kusintha kwa 1861 anali kupulumutsa ku kusauka wa landlords, monga boma analanda ngongole yaikulu ya chiwombolo malipiro alimi.

• The chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom anatumikira monga chofunika kwa chilengedwe cha malamulo cholinga kuonetsetsa anthu ufulu wawo, ufulu ndi udindo. Ichi chinali cholinga chachikulu pa njira yoti kusintha kuchokera ku ufumu cheni malamulo a dziko lino, ndiye - lamulo, limene nzika moyo mwa malamulo mu mphamvu, ndi aliyense wapatsidwa ufulu odalirika chitetezo munthu.

• Kumvetsera yomanga mafakitale latsopano ndi zomera kwachititsa chakuti anayamba mochedwa patsogolo luso.

Post-kusintha nthawi anali wolemekezeka mphamvu ya bourgeoisie ndi Matope omwe ankakokoloka anawononga chuma zofooketsa anthu otchuka, amene adakali imayendetsedwa ndi boma ndipo molimba kuumirirabe mphamvu akhale ndi kusintha wosakwiya mawonekedwe capitalist oyang'anira.

Pa nthawi yomweyo pali zikamera wa proletariat gulu osiyana. Chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu Russia Pambuyo pake Zemstvo (1864), mzinda (1870), khoti (1864), asilikali (1874) kusintha kuti anapindula bourgeoisie. Cholinga cha kusintha malamulo amene anamasulira ntchito ndipo utsogoleri kasamalidwe ku Russia mu malamulo ndi latsopano nyumba akutulukira chikhalidwe, kumene mamilioni a osawuka ukapolo ankafuna kuti akhale bwino kutchedwa anthu.