Likulu la Asuri: mzinda umene umatchedwa "malo obisalamo mikango", "Magazi City"

Mbiri ya dziko wakale ndo zosangalatsa kwambiri. Chapadera ndi kukhalapo mawanga woyera, umene chidwi yekha usavutike, kuchititsa ndege mofulumira zapamwamba. Mwa oyambirira chitukuko anthu chidwi Asuri, inali ku Mesopotamiya, ku mbali ya kumpoto. Kumayambiriro likulu la Asuri - mzinda wa Asuri (kapena Asuri) dzina la Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse Asuri. Kwa iye dzina imene ufumu wonsewo.

A pang'ono mbiri

Mu theka lachiwiri la lachitatu Zakachikwi BC ku Arabiya zikuchepa anakula nyengo. Izo zinapangitsa anthu ake (mafuko Ayuda) kusamukira ku msewu pofunafuna malo okhala abwino. Maulendo kumpoto ndi kum'mawa anafika ku Mesopotamia, kumene anakakhala achibale awo apamtima - ndi Akkadians.

Mmodzi ndi mmodzi, iwo anakhazikitsa midzi, kenako anakhala gawo la ufumuwo. The midzi ya Ninevia zitsulo, ndi Asuri Arbela kuti XV kuti. BC Zinakhalapo okha, mosiyana ndi mnzake.

Likulu loyambirira la Asuri

Amakhulupirira kuti mzinda wa Asuri, umene unakhala likulu la dziko laling'ono, kuchita malonda. Iwo ankalamulidwa ndi amalonda, ndi kusankha zinthu zofunika za m'dera lawo. Zinali iwo amene anafika ku Asia Minor, kumene iwo anakhazikitsa madera angapo. Mkulu wa mzindawo (ishshiakkum) anali ndi mphamvu zonse, ndipo mutu wake ndi akatengela apabanja. Malo pamudzipo anali chipembedzo, ndiye, iye anali mkulu wa ansembe ndi mkulu wa asilikali, ndipo ngakhale ankaimba udindo wa mkulu wa Council. Patapita Bungwe la anthu, kuphatikizapo kukhala pafupi ishshiakkumu, amene anatembenuka mu wolamulira weniweni.

The XXIII mu. BC dera (likulu la Asuri komanso) anabwera mu ulamuliro wa Ufumu wa Akkad, ndipo pambuyo yake yogonjetsa anthu Anikulapo ufulu wodzilamulira. Lero tikuona mabwinja a kamodzi kwambiri mzinda 260 Km from Baghdad.

m'madera ena

• Dur-Sharrukin. Ngakhale mzinda - osati likulu loyambirira la Asuri, iye anachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu moyo wapoyera. Ili maola atatu kuchoka ku Nineve, anali zogona lachiwiri la mfumu. Pamudzi linakhazikitsidwa mu Sarigoni II mu 711 BC Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad lero) unazunguliridwa ndi mipanda yolimba, ndipo mkati ali m'nyumba lalikulu la zipinda mazana awiri. Poyera olemera sculptural chokongoletsera panopa kusungidwa pa Louvre (Paris).
• Mabwinja a Nimrud (Kalha) lero ali Iraq pafupi ndi mzinda wa Mosul. Pamudzi zachokera Salimanesere Ine mu XIII m'ma BC, ndipo patatha zaka zinayi Ashurnasirpal II anapanga likulu lake. Patapita nthawi yaitali, mzinda wa anawonongedwa ndi asilikali a Amedi ndi Akasidi. Apa panayima nyumba zazikulu, inkakhala ndi mipanda ndi nyumba. Pa zofukulidwa anawapeza ziboliboli zolengedwa zongopeka, ziboliboli zambiri, ziboliboli, mbale dongo ndi kulemba zakale. Mwatsoka, nthawi ya nkhondo ya ku Iraq, mzinda wakale anali lowonongeka.

kuopseza Nineve

Ichi ndi likulu lina la Asuri. City amatchedwa "phanga la mikango," "mwazi wa mzinda." Kodi iye anali pafupi Mosul amakono (Iraq) kumanzere mtsinje wa Tigirisi - pa mapiri Kuyunjik. Dzinali ndi bwino kuti onse pogwiritsa ntchito Baibulo. Pamene mbiri yakale amati, Nineve anakhazikitsidwa pafupifupi pakati wachisanu Zakachikwi BC Mudzi waukulu anachitira Sennahirib ndi mwana wake Ashabanipalu.

Pa pachimake, Nineve anatambasula m'mphepete mwa mtsinjewo makilomita anayi, ndipo msewu waukulu ali ndi m'lifupi mamita 26. Likulu la Asuri, zinapanga dongosolo bwino ndi okhwima, omwe anali m'gulu choletsedwa kuswa.

Komanso kuthetsa wamphamvu unagonjetsedwa. Likulu la Asuri - Nineve - anawonongedwa ndi Ababulo ndi Amedi. Anakumba kunja mabwinja, ofukula mabwinja a wotchuka Kuyundzhikskoy laibulale achifumu, omwe m'nyumba zikwi makumi atatu mapale. Anapezanso polychrome ziwiya zadothi, ziboliboli mkuwa, ziboliboli ndi mafano a pachipata osunga zambiri - ng'ombe zokhala ndi mapiko ndipo mikango.

Maonekedwe a mumzindawo

Likulu la Asuri, kalelo anali kuthetsa yaing'ono. Koma m'nthawi za m'Baibulo pamene Mulungu anamutuma Yona ku Nineve, iye anali unprecedentedly yaikulu. tate wake akuti ndi mwana wa Mfumu Sarigoni Senakeribu. Iye mudzi likulu lake ndipo anakakhala pansi mu njira chachikulu.

Likulu la Asuri - "mikango obisalamo" - anali atazunguliridwa ndi khoma chachikulu cha kutalika makilomita khumi ndi awiri. Inali khumi ndi zipata. Madzi akuloŵa mumzindawo kudzera mu njira m'lifupi mamita 20 ndi kutalika kwa zaka zoposa 50 Km, umene unali ndiye kudzera mumphangayo, ndiye ngalande. Wolamulira anali owolowa manja ndi ngalande omanga monga umboni ndi zolemba za.

Likulu la Asuri - Nineve mudzi - lokhalamo anthu 170.000! circumference ake ukufika 150 Km. Mkati kuthetsa zinali osati nyumba zachifumu, akachisi, komanso msipu, minda. Tsar msewu anasefukira ndi phula, anali chokongoletsedwa ndi zifaniziro amange ndipo anali ndi m'lifupi wamkulu kuposa Nevsky Prospekt ku St. Petersburg lero.

Kugwa kwa mzinda waukulu

Koma likulu la Asuri amwalira. City amatchedwa "phanga la mikango," "mwazi wa mzinda" ndipo anthu ake - onyada ndi wankhanza anthu. Baibulo linalosera kuwonongedwa kwa Nineve, kutembenuka kuchipululu. Koma asilikali a Amedi mu ulamuliro wa Ashabanipalu iye anapulumuka. Mapeto a mphamvu ya ufumu Asuri anabwera pamene anthu anagonjetsa mwachiwawa anafuna kuti awaponyere kumbali goli.

Mu 614, Ofesi ya Babulo anagwirizana mphamvu ndi Amedi ndi kuzungulira mzindawo. anthu ake anapatsidwa atangokanidwa koyenera, koma mphamvu anali wosiyana. Komanso, nkhondo anapita tsenga: nawo kapfudza damu, kupereka Amabereka mwayi kutuluka magombe ake ndi kusamba kuchotsa mbali ya mpanda. Ankhondowo anagonjetsa likulu kamodzi kwambiri n'kuwonongeratu pansi. Only mu m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi wa Nineve, wabwerera ku zikomo anaiwalika khama la katswiriyo Genri Leyyarda Aston.

Mark pa mbiri

Ngakhale likulu la Asuri anawonongedwa, chodetsa imfa ya ufumu wonsewo, koma zilibe kusochera mu labyrinths wa mbiri. Kutchulidwa kwa anthu ake tsopano ndi umaoneka mu masamba a mbiri mtsogolo, kuti ndi kupatulapo osowa sayansi.

Asuri anali wosawonongeka, osati anaphatikizana, ndipo adapuma ku mapiri kufikako a Kurdistan, kumene anapitiriza kutsatira miyambo ya makolo awo. Zolemba zina cha Dariyo Ine amati pomanga nyumba yachifumu ya Mzimu inagwiritsidwa ntchito mkungudza naye ku Lebanon ndi Asuri. Arab analemba Ages Middle ankanena kuti anthu akale apitirize kukhala m'dziko lawo. A bishopu wa Chiameniya Mpingo mu Mosul ndipo anaitana Asuri. M'mwezi woyamba wa chaka akukondwerera tsiku la Nineve ndi chigonjetso kuposa kale lonse komanso kuchuluka. Monga ana a Asuri kusunga wapadera kudya, ngati mmene anachitira makolo awo. Ndipo kuvala zipewa conical zopangidwa mwake, m'lifupi tsitsi la monga anthu otchulidwa wakale anatsalira-ziboliboli. Ndipo zipewa izi sanali ofanana kwina kulikonse mu East.

m'malo mapeto

Baibulo limatiuza nkhani ya mudzi osauka, amene, monga Babulo, kumizidwa mu tchimo ndi kunyada. Ndicho chifukwa chake anaphedwa monga momwe anali ananeneratu. Koma olemba mbiri ndi ofukula awulule pagona - kuthetsa n'zosadabwitsa lalikulu pa nthawi imeneyo anali kukonza dongosolo mosamala mozama. chuma chake sakanakhoza kulephera kukopa limati winayo, amene wabweza okha mphamvu ndipo amafuna ndalama,. N'chifukwa chake kusintha Ufumu wa Asuri anabwera ku mizinda ina kuti kwakukulukulu otsika osati ku Nineve, koma Nimrud ndi Asuri.