Achule - ndi ... Zizindikiro za achule. Kupuma dongosolo achule

Ambiri mwa ife kuganiza kuti tikhoza kupereka tanthauzo iliyonse ndi maganizo pulogalamu sukulu popanda vuto. Mwachitsanzo, achule - chule, akamba, ng'ona ndi nyama monga. Inde, ndi zoona. Dzina ena oimira timatha, koma nanga bwanji za makhalidwe kapena moyo? Mwanjira iwonso chikusonyeza kalasi yapadera? Chifukwa chiyani? Ndipo kodi chitsanzo? Koma ndi ichi, inu mukuvomereza, ndi zovuta.

iwo Kodi kutidabwitsa?

Zikuoneka kuti dongosolo kupuma ndi osiyana achule ngati chipangizo mkati, mwachitsanzo, nyama kapena zokwawa. Koma kodi? Kodi pali kufanana pakati pa ife ndi iwo? Mafunso onsewa ife yesani kuyankha m'nkhani ino. Komabe, tiyenera powasamalira chakuti m'kati kuphunzira zinthu owerenga osati kuphunzira zimene ali ofanana ndi mzake zokwawa (akamba ndi ng'ona kwa iye, ndi momwe, sizikhudza), komanso kuti timudziwe bwino mfundo zosangalatsa kwambiri kugwirizana ndi deta nyama. Ife amakhulupirira kuti za chinachake chimene sanaziganizirepo. Chifukwa chiyani? Chinthu ndi kuti mbali ina ya m'buku la kusukulu sikali osiyanasiyana zonse zofunikira chidziwitso.

General nkhani m'kalasimo

Maphunziro Amphibia (achule kapena) ndi wosazindikira peresenti makolo omwe oposa 360 Ma wosinthika chilengedwe ndi mwa madzi pamtunda. dzina anamasuliridwa kuti "moyo wachiphamaso" m'chilankhulo wakale Greek.

Tikumbukenso kuti achule - ndi mwankhanzaku zolengedwa wosakhazikika thupi kutentha, potsata zinthu kunja chilengedwe.

M'miyezi yozizira ya chaka, iwo amakhala achangu, koma pa isanayambike nyengo yozizira zimabisala. Pali achule (achule, newts, salamanders) mu madzi, koma gawo lalikulu linakhalapo, ikuchitika pa dziko. Mbali imeneyi angatchedwe pafupifupi moyo zikuluzikulu za mtundu wa zamoyo.

mitundu ya achule

Ambiri, kalasi ya nyama monga mitundu yoposa 3000 ya achule, kudzera mwa magulu atatu:

• Tailed (Newt);
• tailless (chule);
• legless (caecilians).

Achule inatuluka mu nyengo ofunda ndi otentha. Komabe, ichi ndi kumene amakhala lero.

Kwenikweni, iwo onse ang'ono ndi kukhala kutalika palibe mita kuposa wina. Kupatulapo ndi chimphona salamander (mbali yaikulu ya achule pa ngati kudzoza), amene amakhala ku Japan ndi kufika kutalika mamita sikisi.

moyo wake achule amathera yekha. Asayansi apeza kuti izi sizinachitike chifukwa cha kusanduka. The achule woyamba anali chimodzimodzi njira ya moyo.

Mwa zina, iwo ali mwangwiro camouflaged, kusintha mtundu wake. Mwa njira, osati aliyense amadziwa kuti chitetezo kwa adani ndi poizoni tochoka ndi zopangitsa wapadera wa khungu. Mwinamwake, mbali iyi yokha adzalandira zokwawa, achule, ndi arthropods. Nyama ndi akonzedwa ngati mbali yapadera sanapezeke m'chilengedwe. Ndipotu, ngakhale kuti zovuta monga bwino kwa ife tonse mphaka zingawongolere thupi kutentha awo, malingana ndi kusintha chilengedwe kapena kumasula poizoni kutetezera galu anaukira ake.

Makamaka a khungu

achule onse ndi yosalala woonda khungu pogona, wolemera zopangitsa khungu kuti secrete ntchofu zofunika kuwombola mpweya.

Secrete mamina komanso kupewa khungu ku atayanika kunja ndipo mwina akupanga mankhwala poizoni kapena chizindikiro. khungu Stratified zochuluka okonzeka ndi zopezera capillaries. Ambiri mitundu chiri akhoza kutenga mitundu yowala, amene akutumikira monga chipangizo kumatenda ndi chenjezo kwa adani.

Magulu ena amphibian tailless pa wosanjikiza kumtunda kwa khungu tentha mthupi maphunziro akakumanenso. Iwo makamaka anayamba achule, imene oposa theka la pamwamba khungu zalembedwa stratum corneum. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti ofooka actinic chivundikiro samaletsa malowedwe a madzi kudzera pakhungu. Choncho anakonza kupuma achule kuti zitha kupuma khungu m'madzi.

Mitundu lapadziko keratinized khungu akhoza kupanga pa chiombankhanga miyendo. Mu achule tailless danga onse subcutaneous kulamulidwa ndi lacunae lymphatic - M'mimbamo kumene anapeza madzi. Ndipo yekha m'malo ochepa connective minofu ya pakhungu chikugwirizana ndi minofu achule.

moyo achule

Achule, zithunzi za amene angapezeke mu mabuku onse pa zinyama, kukumana magawo angapo a chitukuko: anabadwa mu madzi ndi ndi kufanana kwa nsomba chifukwa kusintha kwa anapeza m'mapapo mwanga kupuma ndi luso la moyo pa dziko.

Zimenezi sapezeka inakhala ena, koma ndi wofala invertebrates achikale.

Iwo amakhala ndi malo wapakatikati pakati inakhala m'madzi ndipo lapansi. achule Live (nsomba m'dera imeneyi kukhala yosayenera oimira zinyama) m'madera onse a dziko kumene kuli madzi, madzi oyera, kupatula m'mayiko ozizira. Ambiri a iwo amathera theka miyoyo yawo mu madzi. Akuluakulu ena zapamtunda, koma m'madera chinyezi mkulu ndi pafupi madzi.

Pa chilala wa achule (mbalame kuti nsanje mbali zoterozo), zimabisala m'manda mu matope, ndipo mu ozizira mabacteria kotentha poyera hibernation.

Pa malo yabwino kwambiri m'mayiko otentha ndi Nkhalango. Wamng'ono wa achule onse amakonda ngodya louma zachilengedwe (Central Asia, Australia ndi zina zotero. D.).

Ndi madzi kuuluka okhala ankaona zambiri usiku. Tengani tsiku pa malo kapena theka-akugona. Tailed mitundu ikuyenda pa nthaka ofanana ndi zokwawa, ndi tailless - mu Anakweranso yochepa.

Achule - ndi nyama zambiri amatha kukwera mitengo. Mosiyana ndi zokwawa, achule, amuna achikulire ndi vociferous kwambiri, iwo soundless unyamata wake.

Mphamvu nthawi zambiri zimadalira msinkhu ndi siteji ya chitukuko. The chakudya mphutsi pa zomera ndi nyama zamoyo. Akamakula pali kufunika chakudya moyo. Izi ndi ogwirira weniweni, kudya mbozi, tizilombo ndi inakhala yaing'ono. Pa kutentha chilakolako ukuwonjezeka awo. The okhala kumadera otentha kwambiri voracious kuposa abale awo a m'mayiko ena ndi nyengo kotentha.

Pa chiyambi cha moyo wa achule, zithunzi zimene zimakongoletsa atlases, bwino kusonyeza zamoyo wa chitukuko anthu, kukhala mofulumira, koma pa nthawi kukula kubweza kwa kukwawa ndi. Kukula kwa achule chimafikira kwa zaka 10, ngakhale kukhwima kukufika mwamsanga zaka 4-5. Mitundu ina, kukula mabasi zaka 30.

Ambiri, tisaiwale kuti achule - izi ndi nyama Hardy kwambiri, anatha kupirira njala kuposa zokwawa. Mwachitsanzo, umodzi wa achule, anabzala mu malo achinyezi, angakhale opanda chakudya kwa zaka ziwiri. Kupuma dongosolo achule pamene mukupitiriza mokwanira ntchito.

Komanso achule ataya luso buluzi ziwalo. Komabe, mu kwambiri achule katundu chotero sakhala kutchulidwa kapena kwina.

Ngati zokwawa, achule ndi mwamsanga kuchiritsa mabala. umoyo Special amasiyana mitundu tailed. Ngati salamander kapena zimachitikira amaundana mmadzi, iwo amagwa stupor ndi kukhala Chimaona. Mwamsanga pamene ayezi chimasungunula, nyama ndi ndidabweranso ku moyo. Iwo ayenera kuchotsedwa pa zimachitikira madzi, iye yomweyo wabwerera ndipo palibe zizindikiro za moyo. Ikani kumbuyo - ndi zimachitikira moyo mwakamodzi.

Thupi mawonekedwe ndi dongosolo fupa ofanana ndi nsomba. ubongo imakhala hemispheres ziwiri, cerebellum ndi midbrain, ndipo ali ndi dongosolo losavuta. Chingwe msana ndi olemera kuposa mutu. Achule ndi mano yekha kugwila ndi kugwira nyama, koma osati yoti ake kutafuna. Zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa achule ndi machitidwe kupuma ndi magazi. Iwo, ngati zokwawa, magazi ozizira.

M'maonekedwe ndi moyo zokwawa (akamba, timakumbukira, siligwira ntchito kwa iwo, ngakhale kuti nthawi zina moyo ofanana) anawagawa m'magulu atatu: tailless, tailed ndi legless. Oimira monga achule tailless, omwe amafalitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi kumene kuli chinyezi chokwanira ndi chakudya. Achule mukufuna kukhala pa gombe ndipo amasangalala dzuwa. Pamene choopsa chilichonse iwo kuthamangira madzi ndi burrow mu yl.

Oimilira lalikulu gulu la nyama, monga gulu la achule, kusambira bwino. Ndi njira ya achule ozizira nyengo zimabisala. Spawning chikuchitika mu miyezi yotentha. Chitukuko cha mazira ndi tadpoles mofulumira. chakudya chawo chachikulu ndi masamba ndi nyama chakudya.

Tailed achule monga abuluzi. Moyo kapena pafupi ndi malo ndi madzi. Iwo nocturnal ndipo tibiseni masana mu m'misasa. Mosiyana ndi abuluzi pa dziko ali zosamveka ndiponso pang'onopang'ono, koma madzi agile kwambiri. Iwo kudya nsomba yaing'ono, mollusks, tizilombo ndi nyama zina zazing'ono. Mu mtundu uwu monga salamanders, newts, Proteus, salamander chimphona ndi zina zotero D..

Ndi achule detachment legless ndi caecilians, amene kufanana kwa njoka ndi abuluzi legless. Komabe, pa chitukuko ndi dongosolo mkati ali ofanana salamanders ndi Proteus. Caecilians moyo m'mayiko otentha (kupatula Madagascar ndi Australia). Iwo amakhala mobisa, burrowing. Kutsogolera moyo mofanana, nyongolotsi amene ndi zakudya zawo. Ena caecilians kubweretsa viviparous mbewu. Ena adagona mazira m'nthaka pafupi ndi madzi kapena madzi.

ubwino achule

Achule ndi woyamba ndipo ambiri wosazindikira lapadziko anthu, ali ndi udindo wapadera mu zamoyo wa inakhala lapadziko, amene ali wamng'ono anamvetsa.

Mwachitsanzo, udindo wa mbalame ndi nyama mu moyo wa munthu akhala kudziwika. Mu nkhani imeneyi, achule kwambiri utsalira. Komabe, iwo nawonso chofunika kwambiri zochita za anthu a zachuma. Monga amadziwika, m'mayiko ambiri miyendo achule 'ndi zakudya ndi amaufuna pambuyo. Pakuti zolinga zimenezi ku Ulaya ndi North America pafupifupi achule miliyoni zana amapangidwa chaka. Izi zikusonyeza kuti achule ndi onse tanthauzo zachuma.

Akuluakulu kudya chakudya nyama. Kudya tizilombo minda, minda ya zipatso ndi minda, iwo kuthandiza anthu. Mwa tizilombo, molluscs ndi mphutsi palinso onyamula zosiyanasiyana yoopsa matenda.

Amaona achule zochepa zothandiza kuti kudya zamoyo za m'madzi. The kuchotserapo ndi Triton. Ngakhale maziko chakudya tichipeza zamoyo za m'madzi, iwo kudya udzudzu mphutsi (mu Vol. H. malungo) kuti zimasokoneza mu amatunga madzi ofunda ndi patsogolo.

Ubwino achule zinthu zambiri zimadalira kuchuluka kwa, nyengo, chakudya ndi zina. Mfundo zonsezi bwanji mphamvu ya achule. Mwachitsanzo, chithaphwi chule, okhala madzi, ndi zothandiza kwambiri kuposa achibale ake tikukhala mu malo ena.

Mosiyana mbalame, achule kuwononga ambiri tizilombo okhala cholepheretsa ndi chitetezo zinthu zimene sadya mbalame. Komanso mitundu lapadziko wa achule kudyetsa makamaka usiku, pamene ambiri mbalame insectivorous kugona.

Tanthauzo la achule mu moyo wa munthu akhoza imawunikidwa ndi phunziro okwanira nyama. Panopa zamoyo wa achule ndi zochepa chabe kwambiri.

Achule ndi mbali yofunika ya unyolo chakudya

Ena ubweya zobala nyama, achule kwambiri ndi chakudya chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, apulumuke ndi raccoon galu malo osiyana zimadalira chiwerengero cha achule m'madera amenewa.

Mink, otter, katumbu ndi polecat mofunitsitsa kudya achule. Choncho, chiwerengero cha nyama zofunika kwa malo kusaka. Achule aphatikizidwa zakudya ndi adani. Makamaka pamene mulibe mokwanira zofunika zakudya - makoswe ang'ono.

Komanso, wapatali nsomba malonda m'nyengo yozizira, ndi mayiwe ndi mitsinje kudyetsa achule. Nthawi zambiri, ulimi wawo umakhala bulauni chule, amene motsutsana ndi wobiriwira a chule si m'manda m'nyengo yozizira yl. M'chilimwe izo wakudya invertebrates lapadziko, m'nyengo yozizira amapita m'nyengo yozizira ku nyanja. Choncho, amphibian amakhala mkhalapakati ndi nazo m'munsi chakudya cha nsomba.

Achule ndi sayansi

Zikomo dongosolo ndi survivability ake amphibian ankagwiritsa ntchito monga nyama zasayansi. Iwo uli pa chule unachitikira chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha zatsopano kuchokera maphunziro zamoyo kusukulu asayansi lalikulu yakuthandizani. Pakuti zolinga zimenezi ngati zinthu zamoyo mu zasayansi ntchito pachaka pa zikwizikwi achule. N'zotheka kuti izi zingachititse kuti chiwonongeko chotheratu cha nyama. Mwa njira, mu England yoletsedwa kugwira achule, ndipo tsopano kukuteteza.

N'zovuta ati Zinthu zonse za sayansi zokhudza kafukufuku komanso zatsopano zokhudza thupi pa achule. Posachedwapa, izo wapezeka ntchito zawo zasayansi ndi mchitidwe matenda kwa kudziwika oyambirira mimba. Mafala a mkodzo wa amayi apakati pa achule mwamuna ndi achule ndi ndondomeko zawo mofulumira spermatogenesis. Pa nkhani imeneyi, makamaka chionekera ndi umodzi wa achule wobiriwira.

Kwambiri zachilendo achule dziko

Pakati pa mitundu bwino chodziwika cha nyama zopezeka toyesa ambiri osowa ndi zachilendo.

Mwachitsanzo, Mzimu chule (mtundu Heleophryne) - akuchitira banja wapadera wa achule tailless ndi mitundu isanu yokha, mmodzi amene imapezeka mu manda. Zikuoneka kuti apa ndi apo ndi dzina chochititsa a mitundu. Iwo amakhala makamaka kumpoto-kum'mawa kwa South Africa, pafupi mitsinje nkhalango. Kodi kakulidwe cm 5 ndi kubisa mtundu. Iwo nocturnal ndipo tibiseni pansi miyala usiku. Komabe, mitundu iwiri pang'ono lero.

Proteus (Proteus anguinus) - tailed view kalasi achule, tikukhala mu nyanja mobisa. Akafika kutalika 30 cm. Anthu akhungu ndi kukhala khungu bwino. Proteus kusakasaka kudzera tilinazo amagetsi a khungu ndi kununkhiza. Kodi moyo popanda chakudya kwa zaka 10.

Kenako nthumwi chule zooglossus Gardner (Sooglossus gardineri) amatanthauza munthu wa mtundu kwambiri za achule tailless. Ndi kuopsezedwa chiwonongeko. Iwo ali kutalika palibe mamilimita zoposa 11.

chule Darwin - ndi yaing'ono tailless amphibian amene amakhala mwa nyanja ozizira phiri. The kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi 3 cm. Anyani ndi kuswa ana awo mu thumba pakhosi.

Zosangalatsa za achule

• Ngakhale kutali apaulendo zonse mwaphamphu kudziwa kuti boma la Peru omwera ambiri, amene akutumikira cocktails wapadera wa achule. Akukhulupirira kuti zakumwa ngati kuthetsa matenda ambiri, kuchitira mphumu matenda, kukathandiza kukonza potency. njira imodzi yokonzekera ndi akupera moyo chule mu blender ndi Kuwonjezera msuzi nyemba, uchi, madzi aloe ndi poppy mizu. Mwakonzeka kuti athe kuyenda ndi kuyesa mbale?
• Zachilendo achule moyo mu America South. Paradoxical chule akukula yafupika kukula. Mwachizolowezi wamkulu kutalika ukufika masentimita 6 okha. Komabe, tadpoles awo akukula kwa masentimita 25. Mbali chachirendo.
• Mu zatsopano pa achule choyezera, ofufuza Australia anapanga anapeza mwangozi. Iwo anapeza kuti nyama zimenezi angathe kuchotsa matupi yachilendo lake kudzera chikhodzodzo. Aluso ndi kwambiri otchuka asayansi anapatsa nyama transmitters kuti patapita kanthawi anasamukira ku pomveka awo. Choncho, zinadziwika kuti kulowa achule thupi, zinthu zakunja pang'onopang'ono limakula ndi minofu zofewa kukopedwa mu chikhodzodzo. kupezeka makamaka atapangidwa kusintha sayansi.
• Ochepa a anthu wamba kudziwa chakuti chifukwa cha pafupipafupi kuphethira achule pa chakudya akukankhira chakudya mu mmero. Nyama sangathe kutafuna chakudya ndi kukankha lilime lake mu kholingo. Kuphethira akopeka chigaza ndi minofu wapadera ndi kuthandiza kulikankhira chakudya.
• A Mwachitsanzo chidwi kwambiri akuimira African chule Trichobatrachus robustus, amene ali chipangizo zodabwitsa chitetezo adani. Pa nthawi ya kuopseza miyendo kubaya ndi subcutaneous fupa, kupanga mtundu wa "chiombankhanga". Mavutowo ikadzatha, "chiombankhanga" asonkhanitsidwa kumbuyo, ndi buluzi minofu zowonongeka. Gwirizanani, osati nthumwi ya zinyama ano akhoza kudzitama pamaso pa ziwalo zothandiza wapadera.