Amabisa wa Tutankhamun. Chuma cha Tutankhamun ndi temberero la manda ake

Kumayambiriro 20 ntchentche zaka mazana makumi awiri British ulendo zofukula m'mabwinja anafukula manda a munthu Farao wa Ufumu Chatsopano. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, otsiriza malo okhalamo a Farao Tutankhamun , oposa 33 zaka zambiri, anakhalabe wawo. Farao sanafune kusokoneza mtendere kapena akale wolanda kapena wolanda manda ambiri. A wambirimbiri zodzikongoletsera anapezeka m'manda, zodzikongoletsera, luso zitsanzo chonyezimila, umene unali wotchuka chifukwa Ancient Egypt. The Malemu anali mu sarcophagus zazikulu, ndi nkhope ya mtsogoleri wakale anatseka golide chigoba cha Mfumu Tutankhamun.

Howard Carter

Anapeza zodabwitsa anapangidwa mu 1922, ulendo pofukula kutsogoleredwa ndi Howard Carter. Egyptologist izi kuyambira pa unyamata wake anadzipereka mbiri ya World Ancient. Popeza 1899, Carter nawo Maulendo ofukula zinthu zakale. bwino Wawononga anapeza m'manda mkazi farao Hatshepsut kumadzulo kwa Thebes.

Kugwira ntchito ndi Ambuye Carnarvon

Kugwirizana ndi Howard Carter zofufuzafufuza katswiriyo Ambuye Carnarvon ankathandiza kulera ndalama kukwaniritsa cholinga wokondedwa - kupeza manda osafikiridwa ya m'modzi wa akulu ambiri Iguputo. Kuyambira mu 1914, gulu kutsogozedwa ndi Mgwilizano wa akatswiri ndi a zofufuzafufuza wasayansi-achifumu, kuyambira zofukulidwa yogwira mu Valley la Mafumu. zododometsa zambiri komanso anapezazo modzichepetsa m'manda unawononge- wa mafumu akale utakhazikika akupeza achifumu, ndipo dziko sayansi nthawi ankakayikira Mwina kupeza m'manda n'komwe.

Okwana pofunafuna m'manda osafikiridwa olamulira Aigupto Carter anakhala zaka 22, koma mapeto kufufuza yake anali mphoto. November 4, 1922 anapezeka sanali bankirapuse kumanda kumene zotsalira za Mfumu Tutankhamun ali. M'mabwinja anapezazo ali chidwi asayansi padziko lonse, ngakhale ngati anthu ambiri amakayikira kuli wolamulira.

mnyamata mfumu

Tutankhamun anakwera mpandowachifumu pa zaka ndi zaka 8 kapena 9. Dzina la wolamulira wakale woyamba adawomba ngati Tutankhaton icho chimatanthawuza "Image wa Aten". Ndi amene analowa m'malo mwa wotchuka farao kupanduka - Akhenaten. The wosokoneza wotchuka Farao, Aiguputo anagwiritsa akweze mulungu watsopano - Aton. Fans zikhulupiriro zakale Ankawaphwanyira zopereka ndipo aiwala.

maphunziro onse a Farao wamng'ono zinali zochokera kulambira fano la mulungu dzuwa - Aton. Aphunzitsi ake anali Meillet ndi Horemhba. Meillet anali mkulu wa ansembe ndi mphamvu ya mfumu yapita, ndi Horemhba - anapuma mkulu. Onse anali wosasangalala ndi wolamulira wakale Egypt, onse zolinga zawo, kuphunzitsa mfumu wamng'ono. Pokhala mphamvu ankaganiza Egipto yonsene, Tutankhamun sanaiwale maphunziro a aphunzitsi awo molimba mtima ndipo anatenga kusintha.

ulamuliro Tutankhamun a

History of Tutankhamun monga wolamulira wa Igupto, kuyambira pambuyo inalowa wake mu 1333 BC. e. Farao wachibadidwe chimasintha malangizo a chipembedzo ndi ndale dziko. Kuyambira tsopano, mulungu wake wapamwamba - Amon, chimodzimodzi monga izo zinali pa makolo ake pamaso Akhenaten; ndipo dzina lake zikumveka ngati Tutankhamun. City Ahetaton ansembe, kulanda malo a kulambira kwa mulungu anawonongedwa ndipo aiwala. Yokhala, likulu la Iguputo, kumene malamulo mwambo wa Farao ndi Aigupto, anali Thebes, koma Tutankhamun moyo wake waufupi anakhala mu Memphis. Mwachibadwa, olemekezeka bwalo, atsogoleri a asilikali, mapulani ndi ansembe anayesa amakhala pafupi ndi Farao.

necropolis wa Tutankhamun

Ngakhale pambuyo pa imfa yake, ndi dziko wamphamvu adzakhala pafupi ndi mtumiki wa mulungu Amon - kotero panali mmodzi wa manda a nthawi - Saqqara. Pamene mukufuna kukonza manda awo atsogoleri, ansembe ndi aphunzitsi wakale wa farao wamng'ono. Tutankhamun anasunga ndi kubwezeretsedwa opatulika wakale, anasiya angapo zipilala mapulani. Mu malo opatulika a Luxor kutsirizitsa zipilala, anamanga polemekeza Amenhotep III wa, anamaliza Nubian kachisi nalemekeza wolamulira. mndandanda wa nkhondo anali ikuchitika Nubia ndi wotsika Egypt, ena a iwo akhala bwinobwino. Mwina Tutankhamun ndipo adzakhala wotchuka kwa zaka zambiri monga wolamulira wamkulu, koma tsoka anamutenga pasanathe zaka khumi cha ulamuliro. Pomaliza, ulamuliro wake unali wosiyana zochitika zina Farao. Ngakhale kusintha kwa mulungu wamkulu anali si chinachake kuchokera wamba. Farao akamwalira ndili wamng'ono kwambiri pa nthawi ya imfa yake anali wokalamba ndithu zaka 19. Monga loyenera mkulu woona za Egypt, mfumu kusamalira nyumba yake - Tutankhamun Piramidi inamangidwa pa moyo wake.

Manda a Tutankhamun

Pa kuli chigwa cha Mafumu, Aiguputo mapulani amanga mafumu awo 65 m'manda. Palinso inamangidwa piramidi wa Tutankhamen. Sayansi ya kumanga manda a zaka 500 sanasinthe. The makulidwe a thanthwe siteji hollowed motsatizana mu nthaka kuti akuya 200 m, zomwe zinachititsa kuti chipinda kwa manda. Mu pakati pa sarcophagus chapakati mainsail wokwera, mmene chimodzi atatu padera bokosi. Otsiriza ndipo anaikidwa thupi la Farao. Bokosi akunja anali ndi mtengo gilded, amene anali zithunzi za mwimba ndi mamba. zizindikiro izi ankaimira North ndi South la Iguputo. Images nyama komabe ndikudabwa ntchito yabwino ndi zokongoletsa wolemera. Aliyense nthenga pa mapiko a muimba, aliyense sikelo pa nyumba ya njoka ya mamba Ufumuyo zofunika kwambiri mfundo zonse mosamala yotentha ndi ambuye osadziwika.

bokosi yachiwiri chokongoletsedwa ndi galasi akuda. Iye anachita ntchito ya mkhalapakati pakati pa dziko la amoyo ndi dziko la akufa. Bokosi lachitatu, amene anapuma Tut thupi chopangidwa kuchokera pepala la golide woyenga bwino. Zotsalira za kazembe anaiika bafuta, ndi nkhope yake yokutidwa maliro achilungamo Tutankhamun. A zambiri zimene zinali mu "Golden adakhala" anakhalabe zosasinthika ndi kupulumuka lero pafupifupi kwathunthu wawo. Zinthu pamanda a Tutankhamun, ozungulira thupi la womwalirayo kudabwa ndi zapamwamba zake ndi chuma, aliyense wa ntchito izi luso anali magawowa moyo wa mkulu mu Ufumu wa akufa.

Chinsinsi cha imfa

Komabe, moyo ndi ulamuliro wolamulira wa Igupto nthaŵi imeneyo anali ndi chidwi asayansi. Zambiri zosangalatsa zinali kupeza chifukwa amenewa msanga. malingaliro angapo achita patsogolo kufotokoza posthumous chinsinsi cha Tutankhamun. Imfa yake inali ndi opindulitsa regent Ay, amene analamulira Egypt pambuyo pa imfa ya mkulu wa zaka 19 zakubadwa. Tutankhamun ankadana ansembe unagonjetsedwa Aton anamwalira m'mizinda yawo ndi akachisi. Mwa zoyambitsazo zotheka imfa inali kutchulidwa suffocation, mutu zoopsa kapena poizoni. Komabe kuphunzira 2005 anasonyeza kuti zoipa mutu European Farao atamwalira, osalephera, izo analandira chifukwa cha kukonzera mitembo kuti isawonongeke kwa mkulu wa thupi. Mmodzi ndi mmodzi akana amanena za imfa wachiwawa, kupeza zinthu zatsopano za moyo waufupi wa farao wamng'ono.

maphunziro awa

The wolamulira wamkulu wa Egypt, malinga ndi asayansi, anali ndi matenda aakulu mnyamata amene anali ndi mbiri ya yofanana angapo majini akuvutika, ndipo Farao ena Aigupto mafumu izi. Tutankhamun sakanakhoza kusuntha bwinobwino, iwo amavutika ndi kobadwa nako limp ndi chosakwanira chiwerengero cha zala pa phazi lake lamanja. Pomaliza, gulu la ofufuza kupeza chifukwa chenicheni cha imfa, wolamulira wa Igupto. Iye anali tosaoneka Bacillus plasmodium falciparum, kuchititsa malungo aakulu. Infection wakhala koopsya kwa mfumu, thupi zomwe sunafooledwe ndi matenda obadwa nawo ndi zoopsa chifukwa cha manyazi kapena kugwa pa kavalo.

Kupezeka kwa manda

Buku Howard Carter kulankhula za zaka zambiri pofunafuna munene pang'ono za Valley la Mafumu. Inde, chifukwa mapiramidi atatu zaka wodzazidwa ndi mchenga, dziko anasintha mawonekedwe, anasintha dziko akale mpumulo m'dera Igupto. Tutankhamun wasoŵa kuseri kwa chophimba cha mbiri kuti akatswiri ambiri anafika pokayikira linakhalapo. Only patapita zaka zambiri pambuyo chiyambi cha zofukulidwa mu Valley la Mafumu, pansi m'nyumba ya m'modzi wa antchito, Carter anaona masitepe olowera. Zafukulidwa apeza m'manda a mfumu, ndi maganizo kapena olanda kapena masoka achilengedwe. Zikuoneka omanga akuika m'chipinda chotetezeka Farao Patapita nthawi mosamala wodzazidwa khomo la manda Tut. February 16, 1923 Carter anatsegula "Golden adakhala" - kutsogolera malo ampumulo la Farao. Manda a wolamulira wakale kunapezeka zoposa zikwi zitatu za miyala yamtengo wapatali ndiponso zosemasema analengedwa ndi amisiri ku Iguputo. Mwa zinthu anawapeza ndi bedi, yokutidwa ndi mapepala a golide woyenga bwino, ndipo golide-yokutidwa magaleta, zitsanzo za sitima ndi zifuwa ndi zokongoletsa zambiri.

Farao Malemu

thupi wolamulira chinapezeka yekha wachitatu mu mzere bokosi. Malemu khama wakale pogrebalschikov anali atakulungidwa mu nsalu bafuta. Chovala ulemu anali chokongoletsedwa ndi appliqué yopeta chosonyeza manja golide. Farao ngati atanyamula ndodo ndi chikwapu - zizindikiro wakale wa mtsogoleri wa. Pakati pa nsalu zinkatiyendera zodzikongoletsera ndi zinthu zina za Farao, ndi magulu yopingasa chagolide woyenga bwino, embossed ndi mapemphero wakale ndi zithunzi kuchokera m'buku la akufa. Pamene nsalu ntchito onunkhira utomoni nyimbo tsopano anataya, limene kwa zaka makumi atatu mwamphamvu glued kukamuika m'manda chimakwirira thupi Malemu a.

Kupezeka chodabwitsa

Koma kupeza Chodabwitsa kwambiri anali achilungamo Tutankhamun, kuphimba nkhope yake. Tiziona wa archeologists chilengedwe zodabwitsa za ambuye wakale. chinthu ichi molondola akuyenera kufotokoza osiyana. Masks mafumu a ku Igupto anali ophiphiritsa ndithu nthawi imeneyo. Koma palibe chigoba manda sanaone m'nthawi yathu. The mlandu akuba izi manda amene imawonongeka manda wakale kwa zaka. Ndi chifukwa cha wakuda archeologists Egyptology ano onani malingaliro awo ndi maganizo amene zochokera ochepa si agwidwa kumanda enaake akale. Ndipo zofunika kwambiri atulukira anapeza Carter osafikiridwa manda wakale.

Kufotokozera Farao chigoba

Gold achilungamo Tutankhamun chimakwirira mutu ndi kumtunda kwa mkulu wa thupi. Cacikulu kulemera kwake kunali 11,26 kg. Izi ngale mwandondomeko changwiro Ufumuyo thupi chapamwamba ndipo nkhope ya wolamulira wa Igupto. The chigoba akuimira nkhope ya Farao ndi lalikulu-eyed, nimuponye maso antimony eni zopangidwa obsidian. Ili ndi gawo chodabwitsa luso unapangidwa pepala wandiweyani zagolide ndi chokongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsa wapadera. Mpango, nsidze ndi zikope zopekedwa analangiza mdima buluu galasi mkanda mpumulo pachifuwa pa Malemu, iwo anali chokongoletsedwa ndi miyala theka-mtengo wapatali. Gold achilungamo Tutankhamun kuyamika utomoni wapadera onunkhira anali mwamphamvu Pamilunguyo nkhope ya Malemu a. Panapita nthawi yaitali ndipo mumzindawo ntchito kupatukana chinthu wapadera, popanda akhaipisa kukongola kwake. Ndipo chifukwa cha luso la ambuye akale, Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha makono anatha kutsimikizira wololera maonekedwe a nkhope akale Farao.

chizindikiro Igupto

Chodabwitsa ofukula zinthu zakale anapeza ambiri umapezeka atolankhani ndi kungadzutse zokambirana zosiyanasiyana ndi mfundo okolonauchnyh. Dzina la Tutankhamun inadziwika paliponse, ndipo anamupangitsa funde chidwi kuphunzira m'mbuyomu la Iguputo ndi dziko wakale wonse.

chigoba Golden Mfumu Tut akadali ali ndi zina mtengo msika. Izi miyala yamtengo wapatali wakale uli ndi mphamvu yaikulu mbiri, chikhalidwe ndi zodzikongoletsera phindu. Mukuuzidwa chigoba cha Tutankhamun ndi chizindikiro cha Iguputo ndipo ano, chionetsero chachikulu cha National Museum ku Cairo. Nthawi zambiri anayesetsa kukaba pofuna wotsiriza anapangidwa mu 2011 pamene otchedwa Spring Iguputo. Anthu ameneŵa la Iguputo a chigoba ngati chithumwa, asilikali wakale kuti kusamala zinsinsi za Tutankhamen kuposa zaka makumi atatu. Aiguputo poganiza kuti m'dziko lawo lakale Posachedwapa kachiwiri limodzi la mayiko lalikulu kwambiri mu dziko, ndi achilungamo Tutankhamun nawo m'dziko ndithu kuthandiza.