Ancient Greek masamu ndi nzeru za anthu. Apadera Greek masamu ndi zipambano zawo

Agiriki akale kwambiri kutukula kwambiri chitukuko cha sayansi yeniyeni: masamu, sayansi sayansi. mitundu ina pa nthawi imeneyo, inunso, ndi kuchuluka kwa nzeru. Koma ngati Aigupto ndi Ababulo anali okhutira kale poyera ndi kufufuza m'deralo, Agiriki achita kuposa pamenepo. Iwo sanaime kumeneko ndi kutsegula M'maso latsopano muzochitika zosiyana za moyo.

Greek masamu

sayansi ndi limodzi mwa mabuku akale ndi otchuka. Kumene, Agiriki chinachititsa kuti chikhalidwe ndi madera, logic ndi zachuma. sukulu wawo wamaganizo anali patsogolo kuti ngakhale lero Ndimagoma m'nthawi mawu ndi kutulukira. Koma masamu anatuma kagawo kakang'ono mu dongosolo zovuta za sayansi.

Ambiri mwa kupambana m'munda wa masamu chofunika kuti zokambirana kuti akhala wotchuka ndi Ahelene. Udagumanyikana pabwalopo, kukangana ndipo motero chigamulo bwino. "Mu mkangano anabadwa choonadi" - chiphunzitso chimenechi wafika ife kuyambira nthawi imeneyo.

Aliyense masamu Greek anasangalala ulemu. Linachokera theorems ndi kachitidwe, ndi ovuta kuwamvetsa anthu ophweka ankamuchemerera pamwamba pa pedestal ndi, gulu la maganizo ena aakulu. Kukula kwa masamu ndi sayansi alitcha kwambiri Archimedes, Pythagoras, Euclid ndi umunthu ena, ntchito ndiponso kutulukira kuti maziko a maphunziro ano ajebura ndi Masamu m'sukulu ndi mayunivesite.

Pythagoras ndi sukulu yake

Izi masamu Greek, nzeru zapamwamba, wandale, anthu ndi zithunzi achipembedzo. Iye anabadwa pafupifupi mu 580 BC pachilumba cha ku Samo, kotero kuti anthu adatchedwa Samo. Malinga ndi nthano, Pythagoras anali zabwino kwambiri ndi wokongola munthu. Iye sanali wotopa kuphunzira onse latsopano ndi zosadziwika, izo analidi maphunziro apamwamba. Anaphunzira mnyamata osati kunyumba komanso mu India, Egypt ndi Babulo.

Pythagoras, Ancient Greek masamu ndi woyang'anira wa slaveholders ndi anthu apamwamba. Idealist mpaka pakati, mu Croton, anakhazikitsa sukulu yake, umene unali zachipembedzo ndi wa zandale dongosolo. Chotsani gulu la moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, malamulo okhwima ndi malamulo - mbali yake yaikulu. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a mmudzimo sanathe katundu payekha, kutsatira zamasamba, ndipo anayamba osati kutsegula alendo ziphunzitso za mphunzitsi wake.

Pamene demokalase inafikira Croton, Pythagoras ndi otsatira ake anathawira Metapontum. Koma chiwembu otchuka m'kati mwa mzinda. Mu umodzi m'mikangano ya 90 wazaka masamu anaphedwa. Pamodzi ndi iye unatha ndi sukulu zake zotchuka.

kutsegula Pythagoras

Imathamanga ena kuti anali olemba wake wa malongosoledwe a integers, katundu wawo ndi kufanana. Iye anali mmodzi wa asayansi woyamba amene ankanena kuti dziko lapansi n'lozungulira, kuti mapulaneti alibe kuyenda njira monga nyenyezi. maganizo maziko wotchuka ziphunzitso heliocentric ya Copernicus. Popeza moyo wonse wa wasayansi wakhala atazunguliridwa ndi chinsinsi, kuti anapulumuka osati zambiri zosangalatsa za ntchito zake. Ena amakayikira zoti iye anawatsimikizira Lingaliro Lovomerezeka wotchuka. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, iwo sadamdziwa iye, ndi zina zambiri anthu akale yaitali asanabadwe masamu.

Greek katswiri wamasamu, anali kwambiri luso, ndipo osati masayansi. dzina ndi ntchito zake waphimbika mu nthano, ndi zongoganiza. Iye akhapidziwa kuti Pythagoras amalowerera mizimu ndi pansi amadziwa chinenero cha nyama, kulankhulana nawo amapereka ndege ya mbalame malangizo kwa iye, amatha kulosera za m'tsogolo. Komanso analembedwa ndi Davideyo vuduu luso.

Archimedes: ntchito yaikulu

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa oimira kwambiri a chi, wotchuka wasayansi, katswiri wa nzeru masamu ndi zatsopano. Iye anabadwa mu 287 BC ku Surakusa. Mu tawuni yaing'ono imeneyi iye ankakhala pafupifupi onse moyo wake, analemba Mfundo wake wotchuka ndi zosowa njira yatsopano. Bambo ake anali bwalo zakuthambo Phidias, kotero Archimedes maphunziro zinachitika pa mlingo wapamwamba. Iye anali kupeza laibulale yabwino ya nthawi, m'zipinda kuwerenga amene anakhala nawo tsiku kuposa wina.

Iwo lidakalipobe ntchito angapo masamu wasayansi lapansi. Conventionally, iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu waukulu.

1. Ntchito buku odzipereka ndi dera matupi curvilinear ndi zithunzi. Iwo ali zambiri theorems kutsimikiziridwa.
2. Zojambula kusanthula mavuto hydrostatic ndi malo amodzi. phunziroli muyezo wa kanjedza, thupi udindo mu madzi ndi zina zotero.
3. Other masamu ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, za kakyulasi la mchenga, makina Lingaliro Lovomerezeka akutsimikizira.

Archimedes anaphedwa pa adani a Surakusa ndi asilikali a Roma. Iye anali chidwi ndi Chithunzi cha vuto la geometrical, iye sanadziwe msilikali amene anabwerera. Msilikali anapha wasayansi, osadziwa kuti kapitawo analamula kuti apulumutse moyo wa masamu wotchuka ndi nzeru za anthu.

Archimedes mphatso za chitukuko za sayansi yeniyeni

Mwana aliyense ali bwino chithunzi chapadera kuyambira ku sekondale. Ndi ndani iye, akale Greek masamu, anafuula kuti "Eureka"? Yankho la funso limeneli ndi losavuta - ndi Archimedes. Malinga ndi nthano, mfumu anamulamula kuti tipeze - chagolide woyenga adasasanya chipewu ake jeweler kapena kunamizidwa, diluting ndi zitsulo zina. Kuganizira pa vutoli, Archimedes kugona kusamba wodzazidwa ndi madzi. Ndiyeno zinachitika kuti iye anapeza odabwitsa: kuchuluka kwa madzi kuti udzathiridwa pa m'mphepete mwa mphika, komabe buku la madzi amene anathawira ndi thupi lake. Chifukwa kafukufukuyu, iye anafuula kudziwa mawu "Eureka". Ancient Greek masamu ndi malangizo analumpha kuchokera kusamba nathamanga panyumba, buff, ndi kufulumira kulemba anapeza wake.

Komanso, Archimedes, zaka zikwi ziwiri asanatulukire kuti integrals amatha kuwerengera m'dera la gawo parabolic. Iye anatsegula dziko nambala "PI", kutsimikizira kuti chiŵerengero cha m'mimba mwake bwalo ndi kutalika kwa circumference ndi yofanana kwa aliyense ngati akalumikidzidwa zojambula. Iye analenga otchedwa Archimedes 'wononga - ndi zinachitika lamakono ndege chombo injini. Mwa zimene anachita kuponya ndi kukweza makina. Chinsinsi cha chilengedwe a "incendiary galasi", njira imene adaonongedwa ndi zombo za adani, mpaka tsopano, ofufuza chiyani satchula tsiku.

Euclid

Nthawi zambiri lake anagwira ntchito nyimbo, kuwulula zinsinsi za okonza ndi sayansi, anaphunzira zakuthambo. Koma mbali imodzi ya ntchito ake odzipereka masamu: anabweretsa m'maganizo zisonyezo angapo ndipo theorems. anathandiza kuti chitukuko cha sayansi n'zovuta Musaone, monga ntchito Euclid anakhala maziko asayansi ena, amene anakhalako zaka mazana ambiri pambuyo pake.

dzina la wakale masamu Greek amene analemba odziwika bwino masamu buku la "Start", ongokhala 15 mabuku ndi chiyani? Kumene, Euclid. Iye anali wokhoza zopanga ndi kumvetsa waukulu Masamu, anatsimikizira Lingaliro Lovomerezeka zofunika za Uwerenge kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino za kansalu ndi Lingaliro Lovomerezeka Pythagorean. Monga dzina lake amagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso za ntchito yomanga polyhedra zonse, lomwe masiku ano akhoza kukhala woyamikiridwa iliyonse masamu wamng'ono pa maphunziro Masamu. Euclid anapeza njira kutopa. Iwo anatengera Newton ndi Leibniz anapeza njira mawerengedwe: yofunika ndi masiyanidwe.

Thales

Izi masamu Greek anabadwa padziko 625 BC. Kwa nthawi yaitali iye anakhala ku Igupto, ndipo anali kugwirizana ndi wolamulira wa dzikoli, mfumu Amasis. Imafotokoza kuti iye kamodzi anadabwa Farao, kuyeza kutalika kwa piramidi okha kukula kwa mthunzi wake.

Thales akuganiza kuti makolo a sayansi Greek, mmodzi wa amuna asanu ndi wanzeru amene anasintha maziko a chidziwitso. Mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti Thales anali woyamba kutsimikizira theorems chachikulu Masamu. Mwachitsanzo, kuti alembedwa mu ngodya semicircle nthawi zonse mzere woongoka, bwalo awiri ukugawa m'magulu awiri ofanana pa ngodya ya makona isosceles ndi maziko ofanana, angelo onse ofukula zofanana, ndi zina zotero.

Thales anachokera chilinganizo malinga ndi zomwe Triangles nthawizonse zidzakhala chomwecho, ngati zofanana ndi nkhope wina ndi ngodya pafupi izo. Anaphunzira kudziwa mtunda kwa Sitima kutali ndi Triangles makonzedwe. Komanso, anapanga angapo kufufuza mu zakuthambo, kudziwa nthawi yeniyeni ya azikhala ndi solstices. Ndi woyamba molondola kudziwa nthawi ya chaka.

Eratosthenes

Ichi ndithu zosunthika chithunzi. Ankakonda kuphunzira malo, atulukira Hrs, kulankhula kuphunzira, ankasinthana chinenero ndi zochitika m'mbiri. M'munda wa ajebura ndi masamu, iye kudziwika kwa ife ngati masamu Greek, mwafufuza mu dongosolo primes lapansi. Iye analenga "sefa wa Eratosthenes", njira chidwi, zomwe mpaka pano kusukulu. Uyamiko kwa Iye, mukhoza asiyanitse mwa primes wa chiwerengero. Chiwerengerochi si expunged, monga izo ziriri lero, nadzipyoza pa chithunzi chilichonse. Choncho dzina la - "sieve".

Eratosthenes anatha paokha kumanga mezolyaby - chipangizo njira zothetsera potengera malamulo okonzera Delian vuto za anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri kyubu. Iye anali wokhoza kuti poyamba kuyeza Earth. Poganizira kutalika kwa meridian lapadziko, iye anadziŵa za circumference a dziko - 39 zikwi 960 makilomita. Kolakwika ena zazing'ono makilomita 300. Eratosthenes kwenikweni kwambiri chithunzi cha nthawi, popanda zimene anachita masamu sipangakhalenso maonekedwe mwachizolowezi.

Geron

Izi masamu Greek ankakhala BC atumwi. Data ndiyopenekela, monga umboni weniweni za moyo wake anadza kwa masiku athu aang'ono kwambiri. Amadziwika kuti chimeza ankakonda malamulo a sayansi, zimango, ofunika zipambano za ukachenjede sayansi. Zinali iye amene analenga zitseko loyamba basi, chidole zisudzo, ndi matanga chopangira mphamvu, wakale "taximeter" - chipangizo kuona msewu, kudzikonda nawuza mfuti ndipo crossbow.

A zambiri za ntchito yake zoyenera ndi masamu. Iye anabweretsa mitunduyi latsopano zojambula, anayamba njira kuwerengetsa akalumikidzidwa zojambula. Geron walenga chilinganizo wodziwika ndi dzina lake, mungathe kuwerengera m'dera la makona pamene inu mukudziwa kutalika kwa mbali zonse. Atachoka kwambiri mabuku dzanja analembedwa amene ntchito yake osati, komanso maphunziro a asayansi ena akhala anasonyeza. Ndipo ichi ndi mtengo wake waukulu kwambiri. Kudzera zochitika timadziwira za Archimedes, Pythagoras ndi masamu ena otchuka, akhala zizindikiro za nyengo nalemekeza Greece wakale dziko lonse wakale.