Kalonga choyamba mu Russia. Akalonga choyamba mu Russia: tebulo

Kupangidwa kwa mtundu, kenako anaitana Lazaro, Rusich, Russian, Russia, ndi limodzi mwa amitundu amphamvu kwambiri dziko, ngati si kwambiri, anayamba ndi kugwirizana za Asilavo anakakhala pa East European Plain. Kodi iwo kudziko lino, pamene - silidziŵika. History Mbiri palibe umboni wa Ruses oyambirira AD si nditamva. Only mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka IX - nthawi pamene mkulu koyamba mu Russia - n'zotheka kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo la nyumba mtundu.

"Bwerani ndi kulamulira ife ..."

Malinga ndi waterway kwambiri kuti mitsinje yambiri ndi nyanja chikugwirizana ndi mzake onse East European Plain, anakhala mafuko a wakale Ilmen Slovenia, glades, Drevlyane, Krivichy, Polotsk, Dregovichi, northerners, Radimichi Vyatichi, muli ndi chinthu chimodzi chofanana pa dzina onse - Asilavo. mizinda iwiri ikuluikulu yomwe inamangidwa ndi makolo athu akale - ndi Dnieper ndi Novgorod - kukhazikitsa boma m'mayiko kale, koma olamulira mulibe. Mpukutu-kuitana maumboni abwanamkubwa mafuko anaonekera pamene m'mbiri ya olamulira woyamba mu Russia zinalembedwa. Table ndi maina awo ali mizere yochepa koma ndi mzere waukulu mu mbiri yathu.

akuitana ndondomeko ya Asilavo Scandinavia Amasamala kudziwika kwa ife kuchokera kusukulu. Makolo a mafuko, ndatopa ndi skirmishes zonse ndi nkhondo wina ndi mzake, amithenga osankhidwa akalonga a Yairo fuko amene anakhala Nyanja Baltic, ndipo analamula kuuza anthu kuti "... dziko lathu onse ali wamkulu ndi wolemera, koma palibe kavalidwe (ie. E . palibe bata ndi mtendere). Bwerani mfumu yathu. " Ife tidamuyankha kuitana kwa Rurik abale sineus ndi truvor. Sitidadze kudzaononga wokha, koma ndi ankhondo ake, ndipo anakakhala ku Novgorod, Izborsk ndi Byelozero. Izo zinali mu chaka 862. Ndipo anthu, zimene iwo anayamba kulamulira, ndinayamba kuitana Russ - pansi pa dzina la fuko la Varangian akalonga.

Pokambirana naye apeza koyamba azambiriyakale

Pali wina, kupatula otchuka amanena za kufika zabaltiyskih akalonga m'dziko lathu. Monga Baibulo boma, panali abale atatu, koma zikuoneka kuti tomes akale kuwerenga (kutanthauziridwa) cholakwika, ndipo anafika pa malo Asilavo mfumu imodzi yokha - Rurik. Kalonga loyamba la Russia wakale kubwera ndi asilikali ake okhulupirika (ankhondo) - "Tru-mbala" mu Old Norse, ndi banja lake (kuchokera, kunyumba) - "buluu Hus". Choncho mfundo kuti panali abale atatu. Pazifukwa zina, mbiri yakale amanena kuti zaka ziwiri atasamukira ku Slovenia, onse kotero -called m'bale Rurik kufa (mwa kulankhula kwina, mawu akuti "pakani munthu wakuba" ndi "buluu Hus" salinso otchulidwa Mbiri). Munthu angathe tchulani zifukwa zina zingapo mofulumira awo. Mwachitsanzo, kuti ndi nthawi ankhondo, amene wanyamula kalonga choyamba mu Russia, izo sanali kutchedwa "amagwira mbala" ndi "kumuwombera" ndipo adadza kwa Iye srodstvenniki - osati "buluu Hus" ndi "okoma mtima".

Komanso, akatswiri a masiku ano a masiku amakedzana ayamba okonda amakhulupirira kuti Rurik athu - si wina wotchuka m'mbiri ya Chidanishi konung Rorik Frislandsky, wotchuka chifukwa anawazunza yake ndi moyo kwambiri pa nyumba zochepa ofooka. Mwina ndicho chifukwa iye anayitanidwa bolodi, kuti anali wamphamvu, wolimba ndi losagonjetseka.

Russ pamene Rurik

Woyambitsa wa dongosolo boma Russia, tate wa mafumu kalonga, amene anadzakhala mfumu ulamuliro wa anthu apatsidwa kwa zaka 17. Iye amaphatikiza mphamvu imodzi Ilmen Slovenia, psovskih ndi Smolensk Krivichy lonse ndi Chud, northerners ndi Drevlyane, Meria ndi Radimichi. Dziko Ufumuyo ankanena abwanamkubwa ankatumikira wake. Pakutha ulamuliro wa Rurik Ancient Lazaro anali ndi dera kwambiri.

Kuwonjezera pa anayambitsa latsopano Kalonga banja mbiri, komanso awiri a wachibale wake - Askold ndi Dir, anapereka kuitana kwa kalonga mphamvu yake pa Kiev, sinali kupezeka mu mkhalidwe utangoyamba zofunika zochuluka. Kalonga choyamba mu Russia Novgorod anasankha nyumba yake, pamene iye anafa mu 879 adasiya ukulu mwana Igor. Olandira Rurik kuti adzilamulire yekha sakanakhoza. Kwa zaka zambiri mphamvu chosagawanika ankadutsa Oleg - anzake ndi wachibale wa mkulu womwalirayo.

Woyamba moona Russian

Ndiyamika Oleg, dzina anthu Aulosi, Ancient Russia kupeza mphamvu zimene zikhoza kaduka ndi Constantinople ndi Ufumu wa Byzantine - kwambiri panthawi ya boma. Kodi iye anachita mu nthawi yake, choyamba Russian kalonga Russia, regent kwa zazing'ono Igor kuchulukitsa ndi ogwira mtima. Pambuyo kusonkhanitsa khamu lalikulu, Oleg anapita pambuyo pake Dnieper ndipo anapambana Ljubech Smolensk, Kiev. Yotsirizira anatengedwa ndi kuchotsa Askold ndi Dir, ndi kumene kuli mayiko amenewa drevlyans anazindikira Igor wolamulira weniweni, ndipo Oleg - woyenera regent mpaka uchikulire wake. Tsopano, likulu la Russia amagwira ntchito Kiev.

Anasiya Veschego Olega

mafuko ambiri anagwirizana kuti Russia mu zaka za ulamuliro wake, Oleg, ndi ndiye yekha choyamba moona Russian, osati zabodza zopezeka kalonga. nkhondo yake yolimbana ndi Ufumu wa Byzantium inatha chigonjetso mtheradi ndi kupambana ku Rousseau ubwino kwaulere malonda Constantinople. Zofunkha anabweretsa ndi kumuwombera pa ntchito imeneyi. Akalonga choyamba mu Russia, umene moyenerera uli ndi Oleg, indetu Radel ulemerero wa boma.

nthano zambiri ndi nkhani zozizwitsa zinali panopa anthu atabwerako asilikali kupita ku Constantinople. Kufika pachipata cha mzinda, Oleg analamula kuti apereke zombo pa gudumu, ndipo pamene mphepo chilungamo wodzazidwa matanga, khoti "anapita" kudutsa madambo kuti Constantinople, kubweretsa mantha nzika. Lowopsya Byzantine Mfumu Leo VI anagonja mosayang'anira, ndi Oleg mu zidzasintha chigonjetso chizindikiro ankhomera chishango chake pa zipata za Constantinople.

M'mbiri ya zaka 911 Oleg kale amatchedwa woyamba Grand Prince wa Russia. Mu 912 anafa, malingana ndi mwambo, ndi analumidwa ndi njoka. zoposa 30-chaka ulamuliro inatha ayi ngwazi.

Mwa mphamvu ya

Ndi imfa ya Oleg yosamalira chuma chachikulu cha ukulu anatenga Igor Ryurikovich, ngakhale Ndipotu iye anali wolamulira wa dzikolo, kuyambira 879-TH. Mwachibadwa, anafuna kukhala khalidwe woyenera akalambula chake chachikulu. Iye anamenyana (mu ulamuliro wake Russia analolera kuukira loyamba la Pechenegs), ndipo anagonjetsa mafuko angapo wapafupi kukakamiza iwo kulipira msonkho. Igor anachita zonse monga mkulu koyamba mu Russia, koma waukulu masewera olimbitsa thupi loto lake - kugonjetsa Constantinople, izo sizinali litakhala. Ndipo si zonse anapita bwino mu madambwe zawo.

Pambuyo bolodi amphamvu Rurik ndi Oleg, Igor anali ofooka kwambiri ndipo ankaona drevlyans kuumitsa mtima wake, kukana kukhoma msonkho. Akalonga woyamba wa Kiev anali wokhoza kusunga mafuko opanduka pansi pa ulamuliro. Igor ku nthawi za kusamvera kumeneku quelled, koma Drevlyane chilango anamupeza kalonga Patapita zaka zingapo.

Zichiwembu wa Khazars, ndi Drevlyane kuperekedwa

Bwino anayamba ubwenzi ndi Korona Prince ndi Khazars. Tikuyesa kuthandiza ya Caspian, Igor anamaliza pangano kuti iwo aphonya kumuwombera kuti nyanja, ndipo ndinali kubwerera, apatseni theka kupanga wolemera. Prince anachita malonjezo ake, koma izo sizinali zokwanira Khazars. Powona kuti preponderance mphamvu kumbali nkhondo oopsa, iwo anapha pafupifupi onse asilikali Russian.

Nikulamulira kugonjetsedwa anakumana Igor ndi pambuyo ulendo wake woyamba Constantinople mu 941 - Byzantines anawonongedwa pafupifupi kumuwombera wake wonse. Patatha zaka zitatu, kufuna kusamba kuchotsa manyazi, Prince, kaphatikizidwe mu khamu umodzi wa Lazaro, Khazar ndipo ngakhale Pechenegs kachiwiri anayenda Constantinople. Ndinapeza kuchokera Bulgarians, kuti ndi mdani mphamvu, mfumu anapereka Igoryu Mir pa zinthu zabwino kwambiri, ndi mkulu anavomera. Koma chaka chimodzi pambuyo apambane, Igor anaphedwa. Kukana kukhoma namlambira kubwereza, korestenskie drevlyans anawononga OTRADA okhometsa msonkho ochepa, amene anali kalonga yekha.

Mfumukazi, woyamba mu zonse

Mwankhanza wabwezera oukira mkazi Igor a - Pskovityanka Olga, amene anawasankha kukhala mkazi wake Aulosi Oleg mu 903. Drevlyans zinawonongedwa popanda kutaya chilichonse kuti Lazaro, ndi kuchenjerera, komanso njira ankhanza Olga - kuti zosasowa kunena, tinatha kulimbana ndi akalonga choyamba mu Russia. Cholowa mutu wa boma wolamulira atamwalira Igor, Svyatoslav anatenga mwana wa banjali kalonga, koma chifukwa cha kukula kwa zaka khumi otsiriza kenako mayi ake anatsogolera Lazaro.

Olga ndi chidwi nzeru, kulimba mtima ndi luso mwanzeru kusamalira boma. Pambuyo pa adani a Korosten - waukulu mzinda Drevlyane - Mfumukazi anapita ku Constantinople mbaenda ubatizo. Mpingo Orthodox anali adakali Kiev ndi Igor, koma anthu Russian ankalambira Perun ndi Veles, ndipo kenako kuchokera ku chikunja kwa Chikhristu. Chakuti Olga, amene watenga ubatizo m'dzina la Elena, wopalidwa njira mu Russia ndi chikhulupiriro chatsopano mpaka imfa yake (anafa 969 kalonga) sanasinthe izo, anakweza kuti udindo wa oyera.

Wankhondo kuyambira ukhanda

Russian Aleksandrom Makedonskim otchedwa Svyatoslav NM Karamzin, woyambitsa "a boma Russian." Chodabwitsa mtima ndi kulimbika ankasiyana olamulira choyamba mu Russia. tebulo A Zimenezi zikusonyeza masiku wouma ulamuliro awo, ana amakumana ndi zigonjetso ambiri ulemerero ndi zochita za phindu la Dziko Lathu, amene kuima dzina lililonse mu izo.

Adzalandira zaka zitatu Grand Duke mutu (atafa Igor), ndi de A facto wolamulira wa Russia Svyatoslav anali kokha 962. pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri anamasulidwa mu ulamuliro wa Khazars ndi linalanda kwa Russia Vyatichi, ndipo mu zaka ziwiri zikubwerazi - chiwerengero cha mafuko Asilavo okhala m'mphepete Oka, dera Volga, ku Caucasus ndi Balkans. The Khazars anagonjetsedwa, likulu Itil awo adzasiyidwa. Ndi North Caucasus Svyatoslav anapereka dzikolo mitsuko yawo (Ossetians) ndi Kasogs (Circassians) ndi kuthetsa iwo m'mizinda kumene analenga ndi Tmutarakan White Tower. Monga Prince Choyamba Russia, Svyatoslav ankadziwa kufunika patsogolo nthawi zonse katundu.

Woyenera makolo chachikulu ulemerero

Mu 968, popeza anapambana Bulgaria (Pereyaslavets mzinda ndi Dorostol) Svyatoslav opanda chifukwa, anayamba kuganizira dzikolo ndipo udzakhazikika ku Pereyaslavets ake - moyo mtendere Kiev Sanasangalale, ndi mayi ake, Mfumukazi Olga, komanso kumutsogolera ku likulu. Koma patapita chaka anamwalira ndi mkulu Bulgarians, ogwirizana ndi mfumu Byzantine, kulengeza nkhondo. Kupita kwa iye, Sviatoslav anasiya ana ake pa kayendetsedwe wa mizinda ikuluikulu Russian Yaropolk - Kiev, Oleg - Korosten, Vladimir - Novgorod.

Zovuta ndi maganizo anali nkhondo - chigonjetso yosiyana bwino chikondwerero alternately mbali zonse. Yatha atasemphana Mtendere, chimene Bulgaria Svetoslav kumanzere (izo zaikidwa chuma chake Byzantine Mfumu Ioann Tsimiskhy) ndi Byzantium dziko analipira msonkho kwa Russian kalonga anaika.

Pochoka mu izi zikutsutsana mu msonkhano wake kufunika Svyatoslav pa nthawi anaima Beloberezhe kuti pa Dnieper. Pali amachichita 972 asilikali ake lotereli anaukira Pechenegs. The Grand Duke anaphedwa pankhondo. Wotetezedwa kutchuka kwake monga kubadwa wankhondo mbiri yakale pofotokoza mfundo yakuti Sviatoslav anali kuyenda ulendo amazipanga amphamvu, akhoza kugona pansi yonyowa, mutu wake pamalo pansi pa mpando, monga izo zinali mu nyumba ndi wodzichepetsa osati kalonga, chakudya analinso nepriveredliv. Uthenga wake "Ine kwa inu," anachenjeza pamaso kuukira adani m'tsogolo, anapita mpaka mu mbiri monga Oleg chishango pa zipata za Constantinople.