Anti-Semitism - ndichiyani? Zimayambitsa odana Semitism. Anti-Semitism ku Russia

N'zovuta kwambiri mwachidziwikire kufotokoza chifukwa chimene fuko limodzi amazindikira kuti ndi bwino kuposa wina. Mawu akuti "odana Semitism" amatanthauza mtopola ndi udali ndi anthu a chiyuda. Chimaonekera chidani mungathe tsiku ndi tsiku, chikhalidwe, zachipembedzo monyanyira, maganizo andale. Ndipamene odana Semitism amatenga ambiri ku mnyozo, zoletsa ndi malamulo oletsa kuyesa kumaliza awonongedwe (kupululutsa). Zachitikiranji zimenezi? Tiyeni tiyese kumvetsetsa, ngati sichoncho, ndiye osachepera kudziwa kumene kukula mizu ya zodabwitsazi.

Zunzo kuchokera ku chikunja

Tsopano ife tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti mu dziko achikunja anali kusamalidwa mphukira loyamba la mkwiyo pa Chiyuda. Ndipo ngakhale panalibe mawu monga odana Semitism, Ayuda chifukwa cha ichi chimodzimodzi oponderezedwa. Chikunja dziko ndi zosiyanasiyana milungu, ovuta kwambiri anazindikira zitatuzi Chiyuda. Pali malo zolembalemba m'ma lachitatu BC, limene limafotokoza nkhondo pakati pa Chiyuda ndi chikunja.

Chitsanzo cha nkhondo imeneyi ndi ntchito ya wansembe Aigupto Manetho. Apa ife kufotokoza pankhondo yoyamba ndi kuponderezedwa kwa anthu a Ayuda zoona, koyamba odana Semitism. Kodi chipembedzo zitatuzi? Ndi chikhulupiriro cha munthu (kapena wina) Mulungu. Monga mukudziwa, kumvetsa ndi kuvomereza maganizo amenewo achipembedzo a dziko wachikunja anali sangathe.

Umboni wa chizunzo ndi chiwawa yatsikira kwa ife kuchokera Greece wakale, ndi ku Roma. Ayuda ndi amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana wa kupambana nkhondo chizindikiro chawo, kulemekeza chikhalidwe ndipo anakana chikangoperekedwa ndi maganizo awo. Nthawi zambiri izi zinachititsa kuti kuchuluka udani, makamaka kwa anthu amene anagonja mphamvu ya Rome.

Chikhristu ndi Chiyuda

Mapangidwe Chikhristu mu Ufumu wa Roma kwambiri kuchuluka kuzunza anthu a chiyuda. Tsopano, Ayuda anakumana ndi mphamvu ya tsankho achipembedzo. Zimayambitsa odana Semitism angapezeke ndi kuwerenga Chipangano Chatsopano. Ayuda mwachindunji mlandu kupachikidwa kwa Yesu ndi otentheka achipembedzo mikwingwirima onse anayamba kuganizira ufulu wawo akamenyane ndi kuwononga anthu awa. alaliki ndi ansembe Mkhristu zonse anawonjezera nkhuni moto wa udani, kukhala ndi chithunzi cha mdani apeze nkhosa zake.

Mchikakamizo cha Mpingo analetsa Ayuda kuchita utumiki wothandiza anthu, wokhala ndi dziko, kugula akapolo (Akhristu), kumanga m'masunagoge ndi adzakwatirane mosakanizikana ndi Akhristu. Kenako anawakakamiza kuti abatizidwe, iwo anayamba kuwononga simukugwirizana nazo izi.

Islam ndi Chiyuda

Otsatira za Islam, sankavomereza Ayuda. Ngakhale kuti pa chiyambi cha 7 m'ma AD, panali kusiyana pakati pa Islam ndi tate wa mafuko Ayuda, mkangano ankafotokoza pa nthawi imeneyo zochepa azitengapo. Dziko Muslim sankafuna ngati lotseguka kudana ndi Ayuda, monga Mkhristu.

Anti-Semitism ndi maphunziro

M'zaka za m'ma 18, kulambira pa moyo pagulu wayamba kufooka. Munthu angaganize kuti wofooka ndi odana Semitism. Kodi pali kwenikweni? Kodi kukhala kosavuta moyo Ayuda? Kusintha cassock wansembe kuti malaya professorial anatsogolera chakuti pansi chidani achipembedzo anayamba n'cigwagwa ndi sayansi. akatswiri a sayansi anayamba mwakhama kutsimikizira kwa dziko kuti chikhalidwe European zachokera yekha pa makhalidwe achikristu ndi Chiyuda, ndi otsika mu njira iliyonse. Tsopano anzeru ndayesera kubweretsa pansi zinadziwika chifukwa kuti Ayuda ndi makhalidwe zosalongosoka, komanso chipembedzo chawo. Iwo anayamba kunena mipingu wamagazi mlandu kuti matzah ndi n'kuukanda magazi Mkhristu, ndipo komabe padali maganizo Ayuda akufuna kuti amalize kulamulira dziko lonse lapansi.

Tsankho ndiponso odana Semitism

Mu 18-19 zaka TH, tsankho achipembedzo anagwetsa ungakopeke. Ndipotu, kusintha malangizo, koma chofunika akanali yemweyo. Ayuda tsopano ankamuda chifukwa chimene iwo anakhala chatsekedwa madera ozungulira. Ngakhale kuti kwa chilengedwe anatuluka ambiri asayansi odziwika bwino, osunga ndalama otchuka ndi amalonda bwino, iwo anapitiriza kuonedwa ngati wapansi mwamakhalidwe ndi zosalongosoka.

Lokha, Ayuda ndi ufulu wofanana m'dziko limene zimawathandiza kuti alandire maphunziro abwino ndi kukhala bizinesi zawo, koma nthawi kumbuyo iwo anaulukira chipongwe chabe chifukwa maganizo poizoni udani tsopano poyera amasirira akaikwera. The Kumasuka la Ayuda, m'malo chiyanjanitso sikhala, anabweretsa mafunde kochuruka kwa mokwiya.

Koposa zinadziwika mmene oopsa odana Semitism. Kodi Zimenezi zingatheke m'dziko limene anthu ataya nkhope ya munthu, ndi alolera kukhala pogroms odana ndi Ayuda? Kodi munthu wabwinobwino boma munthu amamenyedwa ndi kuphedwa mkazi ndi mwana basi chifukwa iwo ali Ayuda? pogroms Wachiwawa zinachitika mu Poland, Russia, Ukraine. Koma Germany pa nkhani imeneyi wapita furthest. Pali anayamba kutuluka lonse odana ndi Ayuda chipani, ndiye wotsutsa-Semitism atenga pa mlingo malamulo.

Anti-Semitism ku Germany

Kodi inu kutsindikiza kuphatikiza ndi ideologists German mu maganizo a tsankho ndiponso odana Semitism? Kodi mu lingaliro lawo linali tsankho konse? Ilo linali funso chiphunzitso andale, lingaliro zikuluzikulu zomwe - gulu la anthu m'magulu osiyana kwachilengedwenso. kulekana The zinachitikadi pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zakunja, ndiko kuti, mtundu wa tsitsi, maso ndi khungu, mphuno mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka thupi. Aliyense mtundu anali zimachitika zosiyanasiyana mbali m'maganizo ndi m'thupi, komanso dongosolo zina khalidwe.

Atsankho ndikukhulupirira kuti kuphunzitsa ndiponso kupangitsa oimira chikhalidwe cha magulu ena mitundu chilibe ntchito, sangathe kuzindikira kusintha kwa bwino. Germany kuti ndi anthu a mtundu Aryan adakweza pamwamba pa chitukuko ndi kuleza Ayuda pachikhalidwe mitundu ndi otsika.

Zoyipa mbiri ya anthu wakhala wotero osakaniza, monga Fascism ndi odana Semitism. Palokha, fascism - wokhwimitsa authoritarian mfundo ya boma ndi maganizo apamwamba mitundu. Hitler ngakhale atapereka chiphunzitso kuti Aryan - leni anthu zinachitika pa onse. Ena onse akudikira basi mtundu Aryan anadza anatsimikizira ulamuliro wake pa iwo.

Nazi

Zoyerekeza-atsankho amanena kuti anthu mwakuthupi ndiponso maganizo olumala, komanso oimira mitundu ina yopanda phindu ndipo ayenera kuthetsedwa.

Kuchokera pa mfundo imeneyi, Ayuda anali kuwonongedwa, kutanthauza kuti pomanga malo chatsekedwa (ghettos) ndi ndende. Okwana makumi a zikwi establishments ngati zinamangidwa panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri. "Funso The Jewish" ndi Kutengera wa Nazi ku Germany anaganiza motere:

• Ayuda onse anali kuti anaikira mu ghetto chatsekedwa;
• iwo ayenera anapambulwa pa mitundu ina;
• Ayuda akumanidwa mwayi uliwonse nawo anthu;
• iwo sakanakhoza kukhala malo amene ankalandidwa kapena kungoti atasakazidwa;
• anthu achiyuda nthawi kutopa ndiponso kutopa akapolo ntchito anakhala kuthekera yekha kukhalabe moyo.

Anthu German anathandiza Fuehrer awo pofuna kuwononga mtundu wonse. Misa odana Semitism anapanga Nazi zotheka, imene oposa 60% ya anthu onse Ayuda Europe anawonongedwa. Mwalamulo ankaona akuvutika chifukwa cha Nazi wa miliyoni 6 Ayuda, chithunzi anazindikira pa mayesero Nuremberg. Awa okha anakwanitsa kukhazikitsa maina a 4 miliyoni. Izi disparity a manambala chifukwa Ayuda anawononga midzi yathunthu, wosasiya mwayi kudziŵitsa za chiwerengero cha anthu amene maina awo.

Anti-Semitism ku Russia

Mwatsoka, Russia wakhala anagwa odana Semitism. Adani a Ayuda ankanena kuti mchitidwe parasitic wotanganidwa ndi masuku pamutu wa kudziko lina. Izi ndi maganizo Slavophiles, nationalists Chiyukireniya ndi populists. nthaŵi ya mbiri ya ufumu wa Russia kumagwirizana ndi kayendedwe odana ndi Ayuda. Ayuda kuponderezedwa ufulu wawo kupeza yotumikira anthu.

mawu Anti-Ayuda anachimwa olemba ambiri otchuka monga Dostoevsky. Unyinji chosintha anali adani ake Ayuda Mwachitsanzo, Bakunin. Mwatsoka, odana Semitism mu Russia inavala mawonekedwe aukali, zimakhala zosavuta monga amachititsa mavuto awo onse Ayuda.

Anti-Semitism mu USSR

boma la Soviet anayesa nkhondo odana ndi Ayuda. Koma kwa anthu kukhulupirira, anazolowera kudana Ayuda ndi mlandu mavuto awo onse, zinali zovuta kwambiri. M'nthawi ya NEP ndi, maganizo yachuluka kwambiri, chifukwa Ayuda anali bwino ndi yogwira ntchito zachuma. Mafuta moto kutsanulira pamaso ikuluikulu ya Ayuda m'gulu la ntchito za chipani. view anali kuti zisinthe anapambana iwo okha.

Pambuyo kusainira pangano ndi Hitler otchula vuto odana Semitism ali alinkuthedwa, ndi kuyatsa mavuto a Ayuda konse zinachitika mu Germany.

Masiku anonso, ngakhale mavuto onse a anthu Achiyuda, odana Semitism si kutheratu. Anthu mwanjira amaganiza kuti ali ndi ufulu woti ulembedwe mtundu wonse, m'mene tingamangire miyoyo yawo, mmene kuchita miyambo achipembedzo, limene masiku a mpumulo. Amene anawapatsa kulondola uko? Yankho la funso limeneli, ngati palibe chifukwa cholinga kuyesa kuthetsa ndi kuononga anthu ndi kusintha moyo.